US semester 1 Volcab
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kenzie1365 on January 4, 2012
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140 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Maya | Native group to Central America located in Mexico and Guatamela |
| Aztec | Native group to modern day Mexico City |
| Inca | Native group to modern day Peru |
| Anasazi | North American group of the southwest. Their name means "the old ones". This group cultivated corn, beans, and squash more then 3000 years ago. |
| Pueblo | This group was a descendent of earlier tribes in the Southwest of North America. These people lived in adobe cities and practice religious ceremonies in underground Kivas. |
| Iroquois | A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests |
| Plantation | First established off the coast of Africa, this system was designed to produce commercial crops using slaves. Later slavery was utilized. |
| Crusades | Christian armies invade the holy lands from 1096-1270 in an attempt to recapture the what Christians considered their most holy place. Gave rise to new ideas and the eventual Age of Discovery. |
| Reformation | Differences over church authority in Europe leads to a religious movement in which the church splits. New protestant groups form which become eventual settlers in the New World. |
| Joint-stock Companies | These kinds of companies were formed in which investors pooled their wealth together creating corporations that settled in the New World. |
| Columbus | Considered the first to see the Americas, he sailed under Portugal's flag believing he would find a shorter route to Asia/Indies. |
| Colonization | This was a system of establishing outlying settlements that are controlled by the parent country. Their purpose was to create new resources and markets for products. |
| Conquistadores | Spanish explorers looking for new worlds to conquer and from which to prospect. |
| Hernan Cortez | This Spanish invader, conquered the empire of Montezuma. |
| Encomienda | The Spanish forced the native workers to labor within a system known as the ............. Under this system natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish. |
| Juan Pounce de Leon | A Spanish explorer that conquered Puerto Rico and then named and explored Florida. |
| Congregaciones | Large communities that became the home for surviving natives in the northern territories of New Spain. |
| Jamestown | First English settlement in the New World. |
| Indentured Servants | Most of those that arrived agreed to a limited term of service for their passage. These people were called: |
| Royal Colonies | These colonies were under direct control of the king in that the land was offered from the king for mutual profit. |
| John Winthrop | He was the leader and first governor of the Mass. Bay colony. He was also the leader of the first Puritans that arrived in the New World. |
| Roger Williams | He was expelled from the Puritan colony for his views on the Puritan church in the colony. Likewise he didn't believe the settlers had a real claim to the land. |
| Anne Hutchinson | He was banished as a dissenter from the Puritan colony. She and her family moved to Rhode Island and later Pennsylvania. |
| William Penn | He was the founder of the Quaker colony in the middle colonies. |
| Quakers | These first settlers were pacifist. They were more diverse ethnically, more understanding of the natives, and better received. |
| Puritans | A group of reformists that broke from the Catholic church. They were concerned with too much ritual and hoped to purify the church by eliminating past rituals. |
| Mercantilism | The economic system that England and its colonies used to bring wealth to the mother country. |
| Balance of Trade | Selling more goods that one purchases is a favorable what? |
| Acts of Trade and Navigation | These acts passed by the English legislative body were the structures that control trade between England and its colonies. |
| Cash Crops | Crops that are grown for slae rather than personal consumption by the farmer are called: |
| Middle Passage | The section of the trip in which slaves were exchanged for sugar and molasses. |
| Enlightenment | This intellectual period in American history was marked by reason and the belief that education and science could replace the mysticism of the past. |
| Benjamin Franklin | A colonial figure that was noted for his belief in science. He invented and discovered many things through his search for answers to modern problems. |
| Jonathan Edwards | He was a Puritan that hope to revitalize the religious fervor of the colonies. His messages were filled with "fire and brimstone". |
| George Washington | He was a 22 year old colonial that establish first military contact with the French at the Fort Duquesne |
| French and Indian War | This war fought on the colonial frontier, was a successful attempt to move the French out of the Ohio Valley, and to stop Indian raids on frontier settlements. |
| Sugar Act | This Act by the British government was designed to challenge the colonial shipping companies and tax certain imports. The tax was designed to strengthen the economy of England and reduce the power of the colonial merchants. |
| Triangular Trade | Process by which merchants carried rum and other goos from New England to Africa; exchanged goods for slaves; transported to the West Indies and traded for sugar and rum. |
| Stamp Act | A tax levied on goods and services, created in 1765. |
| Boston Massacre | On March 5, 1770 a fist-fight broke out over jobs, this incident was called the: |
| Boston Tea Party | One December night a group of rebels disguised themselves as native americans and dumped 15,000 pounds of .... into a harbor, this event was later known as the: |
| King George III | This man pressed the Parliament to act, after the destruction of British property. |
| Intolerable Acts | this group of laws which includes the Quartering Act, and a law that shut down Bostons harbor are known as what? |
| Common Sense | Published by Thomas Paine, this 47 page pamphlet attacked King George III and the British monarchy. |
| Thomas Jefferson | A Virginian lawyer, he was assigned the task of writing the Declaration of Independence. |
| Declaration of Independence | This document formally announced the colonies separation from Great Britian. |
| Loyalists | Colonials that continued to support the King and england were called: |
| Patriots | Colonials that supported the formation of a New United States were called: |
| Valley Forge | Washington and his men spent a dismal and demanding winter at this camp. It was here that his men almost starved to death in the winter cold. |
| Friedrich von Steuben | He was a Prussian captain that came to assist Washington in his winter camp. Here he trained the country bumpkins into regular soldiers. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | He commanded the french troops that came to assist in the colonial rebellion. |
| Yorktown | Considered the last battle of the American Revolution. |
| Republic | Americans believed that a democracy, government directly by the people, placed power in the hands of the uneducated masses. Therefore, they favored this form of government in which representatives were elected which place power in capable hands. |
| Articles of Confederation | This document was designed during the American Revolution and served as the design for the government until the Constitution was written. |
| Great Compromise | This agreement which established a two house Congress, was designed to establish equal representation between small and large states. |
| Three-fifths compromise | This agreement allowed black slave in the south to be counted as part of southern states population. this offered favorable numbers in establishing representative counts. |
| Legislative Branch | Outlined in the constitution this branch of government was the law making body. |
| Judicial Branch | Outlined in the Constitution, this branch of government establish a legal system. |
| Executive Branch | Outlined in the Constitution, this branch of government established the Presidency. |
| Checks and Balances | In establishing the powers of the three branches of government, this system was established to create power of one branch over the other. In this way no single branch could control the other. |
| Bill of Rights | Before the new Constitution would be signed these amendments were added to identify the rights of the people. |
| Anti-Federalists | Those that opposed the Constitution and its strong central government were called...? |
| Federalists | Those that favored the Constitution and a strong central government.... |
| Ratification | The formal signing of the Constitution and its acceptance was called: |
| Alexander Hamilton | Chosen to be Washington's first Secretary of the Treasury, this man was also instrumental in establishing the first federal bank. |
| Cabinet | Established by Washington, this group of official advisors became a regular feature of the executive branch. |
| Protective Tariff | An import tax on good produced in other countries. these kinds of taxes help raise money for the national treasury and protect manufacturers and producers in the US. |
| Neutrality | Given as an international response by Washington in his farewell address. This declaration would guide the US through the next 100 years. It established that the US would not support either side in conflicts that arose in Europe and elsewhere in the world. |
| Sectionalism | This separation of states and thinking would someday become the curse of the US. It simply put, placed the interests of one area over that of another. |
| John Marshall | The first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he was a staunch federalist. He served the court for over 30 years. |
| Judicial Review | The ability of the supreme court to declare a law as unconstitutional. |
| Louisiana Purchase | One of the Jeffersons most important Presidential decisions. This purchase from France double the size of the US. |
| Lewis and Clark | These two men were assigned the task of exploring the new land that Jefferson had bought from France. (2 names) |
| Impressment | A British policy or practice of seizing men at sea and forcing/drafting them into military service. |
| War Hawks | A group of young southerners and westerners that pressed for war against the British in 1812. |
| Andrew Jackson | A famous general in the WAr of 1812, he later became President of the US. He became famous for the battle of New Orleans. As President he practices the spoils system. |
| Armistice | A declaration that fighting or war should end. |
| Eli Whitney | An inventor who in 1798 made slavery profitable in the south with his invention; the cotton gin. |
| Interchangeable Parts | significant in the early period of the first industrial revolution was the emphasis of producing parts that were the same. this idea made mass production possible. |
| Industrial Revolution | Changes in manufacturing and how things were produced in mass brought on this period in US history. |
| Erie Canal | Not only did manufacturing take a big leap in the early 1800s, transportation did as well. This significant project opened up transportation to the great lakes. |
| Nationalism | Center stage in the 1800s was a strong belief in the American system. This idea promoted US interests above regional and state interests. |
| Monroe Doctrine | This was a response to the "peace and safety" of our hemisphere. Established at foreign policy, warned european countries of attempting to reestablished themselves in central and south America. |
| Indian Removal Act | As the country grew in the early 1800s, congress passed this official policy that was designed to move the Indian population off of their lands east of the Mississippi. |
| Trail of Tears | The name given to the vile and atrocious act of moving the Cherokee off of their land in the Winter of 1838. It described the terrible conditions and outcome of their journey. |
| Transcendentalism | 1840 brought on a movement in the east that emphasized the simple and good life. One that praised beauty. This philosophical period attracted many American writers of the time. |
| Emerson and Thoreau | These two men may be the most significant writers of the 1840s as they wrote about self-reliance and living the simple life. (2 names) |
| Abolition | In the 1840s, this movement emphasized the freeing of all black slaves. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | This newspaper man had the most significant anti-slavery newspaper. |
| Emancipation | This idea would free all slaves without payment to slave owners. |
| Frederick Douglas | This man was the most important black abolitionist He purchased his own freedom, educated himself, and worked tirelessly for freedom of all slaves. |
| Nat Turner | This black man lead a rebellion in Virginia. Joined by other run away slaves, they killed many whites on nearby plantations. Their actions only increased the resolve of whites to maintain slavery. |
| Antebellum | This term refers to the south before the civil war. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | an important anti-slavery advocate and later women rights crusader, she and others later organized their own anti-slavery convention. |
| Cult of Domesticity | The idea that women should restrict their activities to the home and raising children. |
| Temperance Movement | This movement was aimed at drinking and the evils of alcohol. |
| Sojourner Truth | This black woman traveled throughout the country speaking on slavery. She also crusaded for abolishing drinking and prison reform. |
| Entrepreneurs | Businessmen and individuals that control the "means of production." |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | The man that improved on a device made by Joseph Henry, the telegraph improved communications across the country. |
| Telegraph | A new device that enabled people to communicate electronically across the continent. |
| John Deere | A blacksmith, he invented the steel plow. |
| Cyrus McCormick | An inventor, he invented the mechanical reaper. |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that the US was favored by God in expanding and settling the North American continent. |
| Mormons | A religious group that left Illinois and travel to Salt Lake to create a new religious settlement. |
| Brigham Young | This man became the second leader of the group at salt Lake. He lead his religious group across he plains to find Salt Lake City. |
| Stephan F. Austin | He lead the first of several groups to settle land in Texas which was at the time a territory owned by Mexico. |
| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | The president of Mexico, he lead troops against the settlers in Texas. |
| Alamo | A small Franciscan mission outside of San Antonio, it was here that American settlers took a stand against the president of Mexico. |
| Sam Houston | He was commander and chief of the rebel forces that attacked the Mexican president at San Jacinto River. Mexico was defeated and Texas became an independent Republic. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | This treaty was signed after the Mexican American war establishing the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and the US. |
| Forty-niners | This term describe the settlers that flocked to California in search of Gold. |
| Gold Rush | A term that describes the event of gold fever that caused many settlers to travel west. |
| Secession | The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union. |
| Popular Sovereignty | The right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery. |
| Underground Railroad | Free African Americans and white abolitionists developed a secret network of people who would hide fugitive slave at great risk to themselves. This system of escape routes became known as the: |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | This book was published in 1852 and became an immediate best seller. Although many of its characters were stereotypes and its scenes unbelievable, it delivered the message that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle. |
| John Brown | He was an abolitionists fanatic who together with his sons killed white slave owner. He was considered the "meteor" of the Civil War. |
| Republican Party | This was a newly formed political party that nominated Abraham Lincoln as their Presidential candidate. |
| Dred Scott | He was a slave that had been taken to Illinois by his master. Had a big important case, but was decided that he was not a citizen and could not have his day in court. |
| Abraham Lincoln | He is considered one of the United States greatest Presidents. He served during the civil war and was assassinated before its conclusion. |
| Confederate States of America | On Feb. 4, 1861, delegates from the secessionists states met in Montgomery, Alabama for form this new nation. |
| Jefferson Davis | He was the President of the newly formed secessionist nation. |
| Fort Sumter | This was considered the first battle of the Civil War. No lives were lost during this 24 hour battle |
| Bull Run | The first battle in which lives were lost. Just 25 miles from the Union capital, the confederate troops turned the battle into a victory overrunning the northern troops and the citizens of D.C. that had come out to watch. |
| Stonewall Jackson | He became one of the important southern generals in the first battles of the war. Standing near a wall during battle, he was an inspiration to his troops to turn the tide of battle and win the day. |
| George McClellan | He was the first Union general of the Army of the Potomic. He was good at training troops, but never proved himself in battle. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | He became the commanding general of all Union forces after Gettysburg. Considered a drunk and a poor leader by many, this General became the deciding factor in the Union. |
| Robert E. Lee | This man became the commanding General of the Army of Virginia. He was considered the finest and most successful General of the Civil War. |
| Antietam | A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln freed the slaves in states that had not yet been secured by Union troops with this document. With it, Lincoln put an end to possible European involvement. |
| Andersonville | This prisoner of war camp was considered the worst in the South. Conditions were so bad that no shelter was provided. Drinking water and sewer were from the same stream. |
| Clara Barton | She became a famous Northern nurse. She was so knowledgeable of troop movements that she often arrived before the soldiers at the battlefield. After one battle she was described as "the angel of the battlefield" |
| Gettysburg | This battle was considered the turning point of the Civil War for the Union Armies. Prior to this moment in the war, Northern Generals had been beaten badly by the South. |
| Gettysburg Address | The famous speech given by Lincoln that became a halmark of the war and the honor that should be given to the men that had given their lives. |
| Sherman's March to the sea | He was commander of the Unions Mississippi division. He led his troops through the south burning everything in this 30 mile wide path. This manuver is considered one of the significant events in ending the Civil War. |
| Appomattox Courthouse | It was here in March 1863 that two generals meet to sign the surrender papers that ended the Civil War. |
| Merrimack and the Monitor | These two ironclad ships pitted against each other in a sea battle that made wooden ships obsolete. |
| 13th Amendment | This document was to be signed by southern states before they could reenter the Union. The document free all slaves and was an acknowledgement of that act. |
| John Wilkes Booth | This man is credited with the assassination of the President. He was later surrounded in a barn, shot and killed. |
| Income Tax | As the northern economy grew during the war, this act by Congress was the first used to tap into some of that money to help pay for the war. |
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