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Freedman's Bureau An army agency, headed by George Howard, distributed food, established schools and give blacks their own land. Wade-Davis Bill Permitted the president to appoint provisional governors to conquered states, and there needed to be a majority allegiance in order to have a state government 14th Amendment Constitutional definition of US citizenship that stated all those born in the US got all the rights of the Constitution Congressional Plan Tennessee was readmitted as a state, Confederate stated combined to form 5 military districts each controlled by a military officer, and only when the states edited their state constitutions to include black rights could they be included in the Union 15th Amendment Forbade states to deny suffrage due to race, color or former servitude Tenure of Office Act Denied the president from removing a member of the Senate without the Senate's permission Crop-Lien System Created county stores that offered its own credit systems for those the farmers in the area, so that they could only purchase items within those stores that took their crops as collateral U.S. Grant Republican president who led Reconstruction, and strained relation with the North and former Confederates by establishing a patronage-based Republican party that led to corruption Credit-Mobilier Fraudulent contracts cost pacific railroad millions of dollars and paid off congressmen to postpone investigation Enforcement Acts Prohibited radical anti-black groups and protected the voting rights of African Americans Hays vs. Tilden A close election between two conservatives who wanted moderate reform, where Congress had to make the final decision by making a special electoral commission Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years and wouldn't allow current Chinese residents to become citizens Homestead Act of 1862 Permitted settlers to buy 160-acre plots for a small fee if they stayed there for at least 5 years and improved it Wounded Knee The Seventh Cavalry tried to gather Sioux Indians but fighting broke out as a result of rebellion towards the white men and 40 whites and 200 Indians were killed Dawes Act Provided gradual elimination of tribal land ownership and the allotment of tracts to individuals. This made the adult owners citizens but couldn't have full title to their land for 25 years Social Darwinism Based on the idea that people failed because of their own weaknesses, and encouraged government intervention in social and economic life Specie Redemption Act Greenbacks would be replaced with new certificates Turner's Frontier Thesis Argued that the end of the frontier also would end the most important democratizing force in American life, but this theory was then denounced as inaccurate and premature Battle of Little Bighorn One of the most famous conflict between whites and Indians, tribal warriors surprised Custer and his regiment and killed them all. Edwin L. Drake Established the first oil well near Titusville, which created a surge in oil demand Taylorism Encouraged workers to subdivide tasks to speed up production, and to use modern machinery to make production more efficient Horizontal Integration The combining of firms in the same enterprise into a single corporation Vertical Integration Taking over of all business that the company relies on Trust A group of people who looked after the stock of a company in exchange for shares for themselves National Labor Union Founded by William Sylvis in 1866 to bring separate unions together, but still excluded women workers 1877 Railroad Strike Eastern railroad announced a 10% wage cut, which caused workers to stop rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis. Hayes sent troops to calm down the rioting, and it became the first major national labor conflict American Federation of Labor Association of autonomous craft unions and skilled workers, and opposed women entering the work force. It's leader, Samuel Gompers relied on the idea of capitalism Pullman Strike The pullman company cut wages by 25% but refused to lower rents within the model town. The workers went on strike and the American Railroad union joined them Americanization The process in which immigrants strived to become "true Americans" by blending into the American culture. This was truer of second-generation immigrants Public Health Services Created to help the workplace keep their employees safe due to unhealthy conditions, and also lead to the creation of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration Boss Rule Often foreign political men who sought to win votes for his organization and earn money with bribes to undecided citizens. This was caused by immigrants who were less concerned with political morality and the weakness of city governments Consumerism Due to rising incomes and new merchandising techniques, citizens were purchasing more and boosting the economy Public Education Used to educate immigrants and Native Americans, the poor and women, since these groups didn't have full access to higher education. Stalwarts Led by Roscoe Conkling, this group favored traditional machine politics Half-Breeds Led by James G. Blaine, this group favored reform within the Republican Party Pendleton Act Required that some federal jobs be chosen with written exams, not patronage Election of 1884 The first election after the Civil War that involved ecomonic differences between candidates Cleveland and Harrison. Also one of the most corrupt elections, which ended with Harrison winning the electoral majority and Cleveland winning the popular vote Sherman Anti-trust Act The act that attempted to eliminate the power of trusts under the Harrison presidency Interstate Commerce Act Banned discrimination within rates of different companies and required a set standard rail rate that was reasonable and fair Populist Platform Proposed sub treasuries, establish a network of warehouses where farmers could store their crops as collateral and use it to borrow money from the government, and an abolishment of national banks and direct election of US senators Silver Question Currency was hard to value because it relied mostly on public confidence in the currency, and so the government tried to back it up with silver Currency Act Confirmed the nation's commitment to gold standard by putting a gold value to the dollar