1.
2 fire dependent systems: grasslands and chapparal
2.
2 good things about strip-cutting: it helps erosion and doesn't completely destroy a habitat
3.
3 good things about fires: burn out invasive underbrush, release nutrients, release seeds from pinecones and other plants
4.
a managed tract or uniformly aged trees of one or two species that are harvested by clear cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable. the land is then replanted and then clear cut again: tree plantation
5.
cattle are confined by portable fencing to one area for a short time and then moved to a new location: rotational grazing
6.
converting deforested areas into tropical grassland (savanna): savannization
7.
decline in productivity: desertification
8.
fence grasslands: pastures
9.
forests cover __% of the land surface: 30
10.
form of selective cutting in which all the largest trees are removed: creaming
11.
grasslands in the west; in the east: rangelands; pastures
12.
how are the california condour and the red wolf similar?: they were both taken out of the wild and put in captive breeding programs
13.
how many forests are tree plantations?: 5%
14.
how many prairies in the great plains have disappeared?: 98%
15.
how many virgin forests have been logged in the US?: 95%
16.
how many wetlands in the US have been filled: 50%
17.
intermediate-aged or mature trees in an uneven aged forest are singly cut or in small groups. this reduces crowding, removes diseased trees, maintains many kinds of different species: selective cutting
18.
list 4 ecological services of forests: reduce soil erosion, purify water and air, store atmospheric carbon, absorb and release water
19.
list 4 economic services of forests: lumber, mining, recreation, paper
20.
number one threat to red wolfs at first; number one threat now: crossbreeding with coyotes; people killing them
21.
primary causes of tropical deforestation: logging, ranching, agriculture (cash crops), population growth
22.
rainforests make up _% of the earth's surface: 6
23.
regionally extinct: extirpated
24.
stand of trees resulting from natural secondary succession following removal of human activities or natural forces: second growth
25.
the 3 types of forests: old growth, second growth, tree plantation
26.
the new fire policy: only put out fires that dont do anything good for the environment
27.
the old fire policy: fire suppression (put out every fire)
28.
the US national forest system contains ___ national forests: 155
29.
the zone immediately along or next to a river or stream: riparian
30.
uncut or regenerated forest that has not had significant impact in several hundreds of years.: old growth
31.
unfenced grasslands: rangelands
32.
usually burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor: surface fires
33.
what could happen to you if you kill or are caught with something protected by the endangered species act: one year in jail and $100,000 fine
34.
what percent of forests are old growth?: 22%
35.
what percent of forests are secondary growth?: 63%
36.
when was yellowstone established?: 1872
37.
where are some old growth forests?: russia, canada, brazil, indonesia, new guinea
38.
why is the gray wolf a keystone species?: they affect water quality; they eat elk but when they aren't there the elk eat the vegetation in the riparian zone and causes erosion and increased turbidity
