| Term | Definition |
|---|
| James K. Polk's five goals | 1) Get Texas 2) Get Oregon 3) Get California 4) Smash the National Bank 5) Lower Tariffs |
| What year was James K. Polk elected? | 1844 |
| How long did James K. Polk serve and did accomplish all of his goals? | one term and yes |
| Santa Anna | The President and General of Mexico during the Mexican War and the Texas War for independence. |
| John C. Fremont | Established the Bear Flag Republic/ was a hero in the Mexican War/ the 1st Republican to run for president in 1856 |
| Sam Houston | The only president of Texas when it was a republic and one of the first senators from Texas |
| Manifest Destiny | The God-given right for the US to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
| Lone Star Republic | What Texas was called when it was its own country for 9 years after the Texas War for Independence |
| "54, 40 or Fight!" | The slogan used in the argument with Great Britain over the boundary of Oregon in the 1840s |
| Alamo | Famous battle during the Texas war for Independence, the Texans were killed, and the battle cry afterwards was "Remember the Alamo!" |
| Bear Flag Republic | California was its own country for 2 days and this was what it was called |
| Gadsden Purchase | The last land the US got in fulfilling its "Manifest Destiny"/ strip of land at the bottom of the US and Mexico, and it was bought from Mexico to build a railroad. |
| Why didn't the U.S. want to annex Texas? | a. Would upset the balance of the slave and free states in the Senate b. might start a war with Mexico |
| Oregon Fever | The desire to go west and start a new life in the 1800s |
| Forty-Niners | People who went to California looking for gold |
| Two rules for Americans in Texas | a. Had to Roman Catholic b. Couldn't own slaves c. Had to pledge their allegiance to Mexico |
| Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo | Ended the Mexican War a. The boundary of the U.S. was the Rio Grande b. We got Texas c. We paid $15 million to Mexico for the Mexican Cession |
| Hardships on the Oregon Trail | Weather, Illness, broken equipment, Indians |
| Two famous Americans killed at the Alamo | Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie |
| What is a Dark-horse candidate? | An unknown person who elected to political office. |
| Two examples of Dark-horse candidates | James Polk and Franklin Pierce |
| Marcus and Narcissa Whitman | 1st missionaries to Oregon/ started a settlement at Walla Walla Washington. |
| Dred Scott | Slave who was taken from a slave state to a free state were he lived for 2 years/ sued for his freedom in the Supreme Court/ the court denied because it said he was property and not a citizen and couldn't sue in cort |
| John Brown | Abolitionist who killed 5 people in Kansas during Bleeding Kansas, tried to capture the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, V/A because of this he was hanged for treason and became a symbol for abolitionists |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe/ novel about slave conditions in the south/ fueled the fires of the war because people were horrified by slave conditions |
| Popular Sovereignty | Right for a territory to decide if it was slave or free/ Stephen Douglass promoted this |
| James Buchanan | Do-nothing President, elected in 1856, was a doughface |
| What is a doughface? | Northerner with souther sympathies |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy |
| Robert E. Lee | Commander who captured John Brown at Harper's Ferry, VA/ became the commander of the Southern forces during the Civil War |
| Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois before the Civil War, nickname was the "Little Giant," promoted popular sovereignty |
| Frederick Douglass | Former slave who became a famous spokesman for his people |
| Missouri Compromise | made in 1820 and had 3 parts |
| Three parts of the Missouri Compromise | 1) Maine comes in as a free state 2) Missouri comes in as a slave state 3) No slavery above the 36° 30° line |
| Secede | To leave the Union |
| Harper's Ferry, Virginia | Where the U.S. arsenal was located when it was attacked by John Brown |
| Harriet Tubman | Called Moses of her people/ she led 300 slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Proposed by Stephen Douglas that the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska could decide whether they wanted to be slave or free |
| Free-Soil Party | The Election of 1838 Martin van Buren was the Candidate from this party/ 1st time the expansion of slavery was questioned on a national scale |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Debate between Lincoln and Douglas in Illinois for the senate seat, went to 7 cities to debate mostly over slavery Lincoln loses but becomes well known |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Law that said that any slave that escaped to his or her master |
| Bleeding Kansas | Civil War in Kansas to see if Kansas would be slave or free/ people would send proslavery and antislavery voters from other states/ 200 people were killed one proslavery one antislavery capital |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion | 1831 slave revolt in Virginia/ 60 whites were killed/ significance- whites tightened control on slaves |
| Election of 1860 | Abraham Lincoln was elected president because of a split in the democratic vote/ significance- South Carolina seceded from the Union followed by other Southern States |
| Underground Railroad | The secret route that slaves took on their way to freedom in the North |
| Differences between North and South | North- industrial, had a population of 22 million, were mainly abolitionists, favored federal government having more power than the states/ South- agricultural, had a population of 9 million, believed in slavery and states' rights. |
| Abolitionists | Someone who wants to do away with slavery |
| Republican Party | Formed in 1856, John Fremont was the candidate, were against slavery, wanted to repeal the Fugitive Slave Act |
| Compromise of 1850 | Henry Clay wrote it a. California enters as a free state to balance Texas which was a slave state in the senate b. Mexican lands were divided into 2 territories-New Mexico and Utah, popular sovereignty would decide if they were slave or free c. Land claimed by Texas and Mexico would become part of New Mexico and Texas was paid $10 million by the government d. No slave trade in Washington D.C. e. Fugitive Slave Act would be enforced f. Kept us out of the Civil War for 10 years |
| Lewis Cass | The Senator who came up with the idea of popular sovereignty |
| Three parts of the Confederate Constitution | There would be slavery, there would be low or no tariffs, states would have more power than the federal government |
| Alexander Stephens | Vice-president of the Confederacy |
| Zachary Taylor | President of the U.S., was a war hero in the Mexican War, called "Old Ruff and Ready", only president for 4 months before he died |
| Martin van Buren | President after Andrew Jackson, blamed for the Depression of 1837, he ran again as a Free Soil candidate in 1848 |
| Winfield Scott | Called "Old Fuss and Feathers", war hero during the Mexican War, ran for president, 1st commander in the Civil War for the Union forces |
| Years of the Civil War | 1861-1865 |
| Union capital and president | Washington D.C. and Lincoln |
| Confederate capital and president | Richmond, VA and Jefferson Davis |
| Union Commanders | George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, George Meade, Ambrose Burnside |
| Confederate commanders | Robert E. Lee, J.E.B. Stuart, Stonewall Jackson, Nathan Bedford Forrest, Albert Sidney Johnston |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln freed all the slaves except in the border states |
| Gettysburg | Turning point in battle in the Civil War, Pickets Charge occurred here, Lee made fatal mistakes, became the beginning of the decline of the Confederacy |
| Battle of Atlanta | Sherman marched towards Savannah, GA from Chattanooga, TN with 100,000 troops, destroyed everything including Atlanta on his way, called total war |
| Ft. Sumter | 1st battle of the Civil War, in the Charleston Harbor, Southern victory |
| First Bull Run | Outside of Washington, people went with picnic baskets to watch, 1st major battle of war, South victory/ people realized would be a long war |
| Chancellorsville | Lee's finest hour, Stonewall Jackson shot by own man |
| Antietam | The bloodiest day of the war, draw, although the North claimed victory |
| Shiloh | Battle fought in TN, Confederates were pushing Union Soldiers back to the TN River, Confederates were winning but then Union Reinforcements came down in ships, Northern victory, Bloody Pond and Hornet's Nest happened here, Grant was Union Commander here, Albert S. Johnston was Confederate Commander here, was killed/ remember bloody boot story |
| Petersburg | 9 month Siege, Union army reduced Southern supplies and numbers, soldiers lived in trenches, North victory, crater incident happened here |
| Vicksburg | Union Army starved out the people of Vicksburg for 2 1/2 months, they had to surrender, lived in caves, Grant was in the Union Commander and by capturing Vicksburg cut the South in 2 |
| Appomattox courthouse | This battle included some of the fiercest fighting in the war and after the battle, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse |
| Fredericksburg | Fought in the winter of 1862, victory for the South Mary's Heights happened here, Northern Lights appeared in the sky |
| Name two advantages of the North and the South | North had more money, 92% of the industry, more men. South fighting for its independence, had better generals, fighting on its own land. |
| Ulysses S. Grant-Civil War and presidency (Credit Mobilier) | The final Commander of the North during the Civil War, he was known for the never retreating, excellent general, yet his presidency was one of the worst in history because he surrounded himself with corrupt people. The Credit Mobilier was one of the scandals, which occurred during his presidency. |
| Robert E. Lee | Commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil War/ known for being a great military leader and gentleman |
| Stonewall Jackson | Lee's right hand man, shot by own men at Chancellorsville, excellent general |
| George McClellan | Twice general of the Union forces, fired by Lincoln because he wouldn't fight |
| William T. Sherman | Famous for his March to the Sea and for waging total war against civilians, Union Commander |
| Clara Barton | The Angel of the Battlefield, began the American Red Cross |
| Dorothea Dix | Started the Nursing Corps for women in the North, cleaned up the nursing profession, and yet was called the Dragon because she was so mean |
| Ambrose Burnsides | Northern Commander who was known for his foolish attack on Marye's Heights at Fredericksburg and Crater Incident at Petersburg |
| Pickett's Charge | At Gettysburg-15000 Confederates attacked across an open field and most were killed |
| Lincoln's Assassination | April 14, 1865, he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater while watching "My American Cousin"/ with his death, all hope of the South coming back easily into the Union faded |
| John Wilkes Booth | The Southern Radical who assassinated Lincoln |
| Who could vote in 1824? | White males |
| John Jacob Astor | One of the wealthiest men in America/ got his wealth by starting a trading post in Astoria, Washington in the early 1800s |
| Davy Crockett | Famous for being one of the best Indian scouts in America/ famous for his coonskin hat and for dying at the Alamo |
| Caucus | Small group which nominates people for political office, not democratic |
| Convention | Large group of people which picked people to run for office, more democratic |
| Stephen Austin | Brought the first 300 families to Texas |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad that was built that went from the Atlantic to Pacific |
| Great Triumvirate | 3 men who guided Congress for 50 years before Civil War, made up of Henry Clay from Kentucky, John C. Calhoun from South Carolina, Daniel Webster from Massachusetts. |
| Stepehn Kearny | Commander of Albuquerque, New Mexico during the Mexican War |
| John Sutter | Man who owned the land where the first gold in California was discovered |
| Old Hickory | Andrew Jackson's nickname |
| Ranchos | Huge properties owned by Mexicans/ similar to southern plantations |
| Nativists | People who wanted to restrict the influence of immigrants and refused to hire them/ prejudiced |
| California Gold Rush 1849 | 1849, James Marshall found gold on John Sutter's land around San Francisco, became a rush to find riches |
| Dates of the Lone Star Republic | 1836-1845 |
| How many Mexicans at the Battle of the Alamo? | 4000 Mexicans at the Battle of the Alamo vs. 186 Texans |
| Veto | Means that the president refused to sign a bill into law |
| Great Compromiser | Henry Clay |
| Results of the Civil War | No Slavery anymore, States couldn't secede anymore, sped up the development of industry, Federal Government had no more power over the states |
| "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" | William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan in 1840/ Tippecanoe was an Indian Battle and Tyler was his running mate |
| Mexican Cession | Land that the U.S. bought for $15 million from Mexico after the Mexican War |
| Vigilantes | Groups of people who take the law into their own hands |
| Railroad industry-biggest after the Civil War | Know the question |
| Black Codes | Laws which prevented blacks from having rights after the Civil war, blacks wouldn't serve on juries and could only have low paying jobs |
| Mountain Men-Zebulon PIke | Explored the southwest and discovered Pike's Peak |
| Mormons and why they succeeded | Religious group who persecuted because of their belief in polgamy/ they moved to Salt Lake and found Salt Lake City, Utah/ they were successful because they learned to tap and control the water supply |
| Compromises of 1820 and 1850 written by whom? | Henry Clay |
| Rio Grande | The river which was in dispute during the Mexican War, Americans wanted this as the Southern boundary for Texas and the Mexicans wanted the Nueces River |
| David Farragut | 1st Rear Admiral of the Navy/ commanded ships which captured New Orleans in the Civil War |
| Sectionalism | Where you care more about your section of the country than the whole |
| Gettysburg Address | Speech that Lincoln made to dedicate the cemetery after the Battle of Gettysburg/ considered one of the finest pieces of American literature/ Know 1st 2 paragraphs |
| Battle of San Jacinto | Final battle for the Texas war for independence which the Texans won |
| John C. Calhoun | The Leader of the Southern States during the time period before the Civil War/ believed in States Rights |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Editor of an antislavery newspaper during the Civil War, was a radical Abolitionist |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Protective tariff | High tax on goods coming into the U.S. which makes people want to buy American made products |
| Scalawag | Southerners who supported Northers after the Civil War, worked with Reconstruction officials, hated by southerners/ most famous one was General James Longstreet |
| Length of the Oregon Trail | 2000 miles |
| Depression | When a country goes into an economic decline |
| Monopoly | Where one company owns all of a product including the means for production |
| Eli Whitney | Inventor of the cotton gin/ helped to begin the Industrial Revolution in the United States |
| Savannah, GA | City which Sherman presented to Lincoln as a Christmas present on his March to the Sea |
| Levi Strauss | Invented the blue jeans for the Forty-Niners and made a fortune |
| Comstock Lode | The largest sliver-producing vein in America |
| Andersonville | A Union prison camp in Georgia that was one of the worst for cruelty to its inmates/ commander, Henry Wirtx was hanged for war crimes |
| Donner Party | A group of settlers going out west did not make it over the mountains in time/ many froze or starved to death, and others resorted to cannibalism |
| Trail of Tears | Jackson forced to Cherokee Indians to make a 2000 mile march during the winter/ over 4000 died |
| Cumberland Road | 1st national road built with Federal money and it began in Maryland and went to Illinois |
| Anaconda Plan | The plan the North had for winning the Civil War, written by Winfield Scott/ had 3 parts a. Get the Miss. River and cut the South in 2 b. Capture Richmond c. Blockade Southern states |
| Franklin Pierce | The Dark Horse candidate for president saw son die and became an alcoholic/ elected in 1852 |
| Goliad | At this site, Santa Anna massacred 300 Texans/ it became a battle cry- "Remember Goliad!" |
| Suffrage | right to vote |
| Samuel Slatter | Stole textile plans from England/ came to America and began one of the most successful textile miles/ began Industrial Revolution in America |
| Erie Canal | Incredible engineering feat for its time/ linked New York City to Lake Erie/ made NYC and industry hub/ also much cheaper to ship goods |
| Robert Fulton | Perfected the invention of the steamboat/ now boats could go upstream |
| James Longstreet | Famous Southern General who worked with Reconstruction people from the North after the Civil War and because of this, he was hated by the South |
| South Pass | A pass through the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming/ used by early settlers |
| Benjamin Butler | Military mayor of New Orleans during the Civil War, South hated because of the tactics he used/ called the "Beast" |
| Rodger B. Taney | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who ruled on the Dred Scott Case |
| Border Ruffians | During "Bleeding Kansas," these pro-slavery Missourians crossed the border to vote in the election for the slavery/ armed and dangerous |
| Daniel Webster | Famous senator known for his eloquence/ quote-"I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a northern man, but as an American. . . I speak today for the preservation of the Union. Hear me for my cause." |
| Moderate | Someone who wants social change slowly/ middle of the road on political issues |
| Radical | Someone who wants social change quickly |
| Platform | A political party's stand on the issues |
| Brigham Young and the Mormons | The second leader of the Mormons who led them to Salt Lake City, Utah to settle |
| Joseph Smith | The founder and first leader of the Mormons/ assassinated in Illinois |
| Industrial Revolution | The period of rapid industrial growth that began in Britain in the 1700s and then spread to other nations |
| Cavalry | soldiers on horseback |
| "Young Hickory" | Nickname given to James Knox Polk who was a protégé of Andrew Jackson |
| What was the treaty which ended the Mexican War called? | treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo |
| Main crop of the south | cotton |
| First state to secede from the Union | South Carolina |
| State's Rights | When the states have more power than the Federal Government |
| March to the Sea-also, what major city was affected the most? | William Tecumseh Sherman, with 100,000 soldiers, marched from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Savannah, Georgia destroying everything in their path/ burned Atlanta on the way to Savannah |
| Ford's Theater | Theater in Washington D.C. where President Lincoln was shot while watching the play, "My American Cousin." |
| Political party of Henry Clay | Whig |
| Oregon Territory dispute was between whom? | Great Britain and the United States |
| Where is the Alamo? | San Antonio, Texas |
| Battles of the Mexican War | Monterey, Buena Vista, Mexico City, Albuquerque |
| Battle of the Wilderness | Battle in tangled undergrowth in VA/ 200 men were burned alive/ South won |
| James Marshall | The man who found the gold at Sutter's sawmill in California/ Began the Gold Rush |
| Election of 1800 | Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied/ led to election of Thomas Jefferson in the House of Representatives |
| Sacajawea | Native-American guide who led Lewis and Clark on their expedition/ she was only 16 years old |
| Embargo Act | Under Thomas Jefferson/ stopped all shipping to and from the United States/ disastrous law which divided the American people |
| Louisiana Purchase | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored this area beyond the Mississippi River/ bought from France/ doubled the size of the U.S./ 1803/ Bought for $15 million/ Jefferson had a difficult time trying to buy the Louisiana Purchase because it was not in the Constitution |
| The Prophet | Powerful Shawnee leader who was the religious leader of the Native Americans and who put a curse on the presidents |
| Tecumseh | Tried to put together a Native-American confederation to fight off the white men/ great leader and well-respected by all/ died at the Battle of the Thames |
| William Henry Harrison | General in charge of fighting the Native-Americans in the NW Territory |
| Barbary Pirates | Charged a tribute to trade on the Mediterranean Sea/ U.S. went to war with them and won/ Stephen Decatur became a war hero |
| Marbary vs. Madison | This famous court case established Judicial Review |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | Naval hero at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812 |
| Francis Scott Key | Wrote the "Star-Spangled Banner" |
| Results of the War of 1812 | 1) Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero which leads to his presidency 2) Nationalism increased 3) Federalist party dies out |
| Reasons for the War of 1812 | 1) Great Britain was impressing our sailors 2) Great Britain was giving the Native Americans guns with which to fight the us 3) The War Hawks in Congress were pushing for war |
| Battle of New Orleans | Fought after the war was over/ helped Andrew Jackson win the presidency because he became a war hero |
| USS Constitution | Famous ship in which the cannon balls bounced off of it/ never lost a battle called "Old Ironsides" |
| James Madison | president during the War of 1812 |
| National Road or Cumberland Road | This road connected Illinois with the east |
| American System | Program by Henry Clay/ 1) High tariffs 2) Internal improvements 3) National Bank |
| Monroe Doctrine | Warned the rest of the world that the Americans were closed to colonization 1) Russia was not to come down and colonize the western coast of the U.S. 2) The U.S. would leave European countries alone 3) Europe was to leave the Americas alone |
| Corrupt Bargain | Supposedly a deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay during the Election of 1824/ This election went to the House of Representatives/ John Q. Adams supposedly told Henry Clay that if he would get people to vote him in House, that Adams would give Clay the Secretary of State job/ caused JQA to lose the election of 1828 |
| Era of Good Feelings | Years that James Monroe served as president |
| High protective tariff | Encourage American to buy American goods |
| John James Audubon | A naturalist who studied and drew exquisite pictures of North American birds |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Poet who wrote 'Midnight Ride of Paul Revere' |
| Oberlin | The first integrated and co-educational college (boys and girls could attend) |
| Whigs | Andrew Jackson's rivals |
| Exposition and Protest | John C. Calhoun's reply to the Tariff of 1828 which said that a state should be able to declare a law made by Congress unconstitutioanl |
| Spoil's System | When one is elected and replaces officials with members of his/ her own political party or his/ her friends and supporters |
| Tariff of Abominations | Highest tariff up to this point in American History/ 1828 |
| Jefferson Day Dinner | April 1830/ Andrew Jackson said, "Our Federal Union it was must be preserved!"--Calhoun said, "The Union, next to our liberty, is held most dear." |
| Sequoya | The leader of the Cherokee Indians/ wrote the Cherokee alphabet |
| Trail of Tears | The journey west in which thousands of Native-Americans were forced to move west/ hundreds died |
| Vice-president during Andrew Jackson's presidency | John C. Calhoun |
| William Henry Harrison's campaign | first modern campaign |
| Martin van Buren | the term 'okay' came from him (Old Kinderhook) |
| Democratic party | Thomas Jefferson began this party |
| Hartford Convention | Federalists met at Hartford, Connecticut during the War of 1812/ tried to declare the war unconstitutional and null and void/ lost power and died out because of this |
| Convention of 1818 | Set the boundary between the U.S. and Great Britain |
| Rush-Bagot Treaty | With Great Britain/ Disarmed the Great Lakes |
| James Fenimore Cooper | Author/ Wrote The Last of the Mohicans |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | invented the telegraph |
| South Carolina | passes the Nullification Act |
| tariff | south hated it; north loved it |
| famous quote by Daniel Webster | "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." |
| Force Bill | Andrew Jackson would use force if necessary to keep South Carolina from seceding from the Union. |
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