Semester Review Ch. 1-7
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Created by:
bogera Plus on January 5, 2012
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100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Biosphere | thin layer of air, land, and water that is home to all living things |
| organism | any living thing |
| Spontaneous generation | belief that life can come from nonliving things |
| Francisco Redi | did experiment with red meat to disprove idea of Spontaneous Generation |
| Biogenesis | principle that life only comes fromlife |
| Characteristics of life | 1. Organization 2. Energy 3. Growth and Development 4. Reproduction 5. Response and Adaptation |
| cell | basic unit of organization in all living things |
| growth | an increase in matter |
| development | change in shape or form |
| reproduction | process through which new living things are formed |
| response | reaction to a change in the environment |
| adaptation | way for an entire population to respond to changes in the environment |
| Levels of organization | 1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Systems |
| tissues | group of cells working together to perform a specific function |
| organs | made of several tissues that function for a specific purpose |
| systems | several organs working together to perform a major function |
| predator | organism that kills and eats other organisms |
| prey | organism that gets eaten |
| symbiosis | organisms of different species depending on each other |
| mutualism | both partners benefit |
| commensalism | one partner benefits and the other is unharmed |
| parasitism | one member benefits and the other is harmed |
| Scientific Method | common steps used to gather information to solve problems |
| experiment | procedure that tests a hypothesis by a process of collecting information under controlled conditions |
| control | standard in which all things are kept the same |
| variable | the condition in an experiment that is changed |
| theory | hypothesis that has been supported by statistical data over a period of time |
| homeostasis | maintenance of a stable set of internal conditions within an organism |
| Robert Hooke | British scientist credited with discovering the cell while looking at cork |
| cell theory | 1. cell is the basic unit of life 2. all organisms are made of one or more cells 3. all cells come from existing cells |
| cell membrane's structure | fluid-mosaic model presents the modern view of _____ |
| prokaryotes | organisms without a nucleus |
| eukaryotes | organisms with a nucleus and organelles |
| diffusion | movement of molecules form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| isotonoic | when the concentrations of water inside and outside the cell are equal |
| phosphates | a cell membrane is a thin layer of lipids and _________ |
| vacuole | the function of this structore is to store water, ions and wastes |
| cytoplasm | the liquid between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
| small molecules, high temperature | combination where molecules would diffuse faster |
| organelle | structure that carries out a specific function (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, etc.) |
| hypotonic solution | concentration of water outside the cell is lower than the concentration of water in the cell |
| lysosomes | organelle that rides cells of poisons and toxic wastes |
| animal cell | cell that does not have a cell wall |
| mitochondria | abundant supply located in an athlete's leg muscles |
| phagocytosis | when a cell membrane encloses and takes in food particles |
| exocytosis | when the cell membrane opens up to get rid of waste products |
| transmission electron microscope | used to view a 3-D image of a cell wall |
| nucleus | control center of the cell |
| mitochondria | functions to produce the cell's energy |
| cytoskeleton | fibrous elements that give the cell support |
| lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes to digest wastes |
| ribosomes | little black organelles involved in protein synthesis |
| chromosomes | thin strands of DNA that contain the genetic blueprints |
| golgi bodies | membrane bound sacs that package proteins |
| cell wall | rigid outer structure found in plants |
| nuclear membrane | has pores that allow materials to move in and out of the cell |
| hypertonic solution | concentration outside the cell is lower so the water moves out of the cell |
| Thymine | in DNA, the amount of adenine equals the amount of |
| DNA | geneticists Chase and Hershey confirmed that the molecule of heredity was |
| Sex-Influenced Trait | expression of a trait is caused by hormones, expressed in both sexes but expressed differently (Baldness is an example of this) |
| Gene Mapping | method scientists use to locate genes on chromosomes |
| Nitrogen Bases | Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine are called |
| Nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during cell division |
| X Chromosome | Sex linked traits are normally carried on the |
| Guanine | base that pairs with Cytosine |
| Monosomy | having only one copy of a chromosome |
| Replication | process by which DNA copies itself |
| Polyploidy | when nondisjunction occurs in all chromosome pairs |
| Crick | one of the scientists who made the model of DNA |
| Nucleotide | basic unit of DNA |
| Karyotype | photograph showing all of an organism's chromosomes |
| Sex Linked Traits | a recessive trait that is found on the X chromosome |
| Sex Limitied Traits | are only expressed in the presence of sex hormones |
| Trisomy | having three copies of a chromosomes |
| Autosomes | 22 pairs of matching homologous chromosomes |
| Double Helix | a spiral twisted ladder made up of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules |
| Human Genome Project | trying to sequence all of the DNA in the human body, supporters say all information is helpful, opposers don't think information useful |
| pp | homozyous recessive individual |
| Codominance | Type AB blood is an example |
| PP x pp | symbolizes a cross between a purebred tall plant and purebred short plant |
| 1:1 | genotypic ratio of an offspring from a heterozygous tall plant crossed with a short plant |
| Law of Segregation | states that during meiosis each pair of alleles separates |
| Carrier | carries a recessive trait that is not expressed |
| Heterozygous | organism with the genotype Bb |
| Probability | is represented as a fraction, ratio, or percentage |
| Polygenic Trait | eye color, which involves many genetic factors |
| Incomplete Dominance | shown when a red flowering plant is crossed with a white flowering plant and only pink flowering plants are produced |
| Trait | characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring |
| Monohybrid Cross | study the inheritance of only one trait |
| Genotype | acutal genes that are in a cell |
| Homozygous | when both genes of a pair are the same |
| Heterozygous | when paired genes are different from each other |
| Genetics | study of heredity |
| Dominant | stronger or more forecefull trait |
| Phenotype | the way that a trait looks |
| Law of Independent Assortment | genes for different traits are inherited indpendently of each other |
| Pedigree | chart that shows how a trait is inherited in a family |
| Alleles | genes that have contrasting effects |
| Test Cross | cross of a homozygous recessive with an unknown Genotype |
| Punnett Square | grid for organizing genetic information |
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