AP Euro Chapter 21
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 traditional economy | • Jobs passed down through generations • Very labor and agriculture orientated |
| putting- out system | • Mobilization of the resources to the rural areas • Rural communities organized to provide unskilled labor for production • Caused commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods |
| entrepreneur | • Raised capital to support business • Up to date with latest methods of production • Came from all social classes |
| Agricultural Revolution | • Development of a market oriented agricultural economy • Farms tried to grow a single cash crop for profit • England and Holland have quickest progression • Fodder crops introduced |
| commercial agriculture | • More suited to larger estates • Most effective when land was used in response to market conditions rather than necessities of subsistence |
| Charles Townshend | • Made turnip cultivation popular • New system of planting known as four crop rotation-wheat, turnips, barley. • Keeps land productive |
| convertible husbandry | • Farmers switched closed fields between pasturage for animals and grain production • In response to the price structure for specific commodities |
| Industrial Revolution | • Mineral energy and technology innovations • Britain 1750-1850- after 1850 growth slowed • Machines replaced human and animal labor |
| Canal Systems | • Made transportation easier • Britain • Aided in the growth of the Industrial Revolution • Brought resources inland for domestic usage |
| banking system | • 18th century banks become available beyond London • Bank of England manages public debts • Helped with government revolution • Created stability by holding most interest rates |
| Thomas Newcomen | • Steam pump enabled water to be sucked through a pipe • Could raise as much water in a day as 2500 humans • Applied to draining water in coal and metal mines |
| James Watt | • Improved steam engine-1775 • Converted up down motion to rotary motion • Used in machine's and locomotion |
| Henry Cort | • Naval contractor • Experimented with coke as fuel and removing the impurities from pig iron • First to realize that iron could be rolled directly into sheets • Increased output of pig iron by 15 times |
| puddling and rolling | • Process of smelting iron used by Cort to remove the impurities from pig iron and roll directly into sheets • Had a major impact upon iron production • Eliminated the necessary use of charcoal to make iron |
| flying shuttle | • Invented by John Kay in 1730's • Allowed weavers to work alone and permitted the construction of larger and faster handlooms • Was adopted slowly because it increased demand for spun thread |
| John Kay | • Invented the "flying shuttle |
| James Hargreaves | • Devised a machine known as "the Jenny" • First to open the spinning bottle neck |
| jenny | • Invented by James Hargreaves; allowed for the spinning of eight threads at once • replaced the spinning wheel • ADVANTAGES: was a breakthrough in redressing the balance between spinning and weaving/ could spin cottage in large quantities • DISADVANTAGE: spun thread that wasn't strong enough to be used as warp |
| water frame | • Created in 1769 by Richard Arkwright; solved the problems of the jenny • Allowed Englishmen to produce an all-cotton fabric • Consisted of a series of water-driven rollers that stretched cotton before spinning it |
| Richard Arkwright | • Founded modern factory system • Developed water frame • Constructed the first cotton factories in Britain • Was a genius in industrial managing • Died with a massive fortune |
| mule | • Was a cross between the water frame and the jenny • Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1811 • Produced 10X the amount of thread than on the water frame and the jenny combined • Called for a large room and water source to power and house the machine |
| Samuel Crompton | • Invented the mule • Sold it's rights for 60₤ |
| factories | • Created to house new machines • Provided secrecy to protect trade secrets • Originally called "safe boxes" |
| Luddites | • Workers who opposed the introduction of mechanization of weaving • Rioted by breaking machines in 1810's • Attempted to maintain the traditional organization of their industry and the independence of their labor |
| Eli Whitney | • 1765-1825 • Invented the cotton gin in 1794 • Aided in the explosion of the cotton industry |
| George Stephenson | • 1781-1848 • Father of the modern railroad • Introduced the concept of grooved wheels and a smooth track • Increased stem pressure in the boiler |
| Josiah Wedgwood | • 1730-1795 • Separated aspects of pottery making • Founded Wedgwood Pottery • Introduced uniform creation of pottery |
| Robert Owen | • 1771-1858 • Improved factory conditions • Founded a textile city, New Lanark • Limited child labour • New Lanark viewed as a model for factories throughout Europe |
| Edwin Chadwick | • 1800-1890 • Wrote The Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in Britain • Caused the formation of the Public Health Act of 1848 |
| Great Hunger | • 1840s • Time of agrarian crisis and economic slump • 60% of factory workers unemployed |
| Zollverein | • 1834 • Unified trading zone created by Prussia • Created a series of alliances between German States • States received an annual portion of revenue • Prussia received political benefits for keeping smaller countries in line |
| Fredrich Engels | • 1820-1895 • Wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) • Observed terrible conditions of industry |
| Industrialization | • Regional rather than national process • Created largely unmanageable social problems • Technological innovation |
| Crystal Palace Exhibition | • Exhibition of manufacturing and industry held in London in 1851 • Continent-wide celebration of the benefits of technology • Chance for Europeans to measure themselves against the British |
| Factory Act of 1833 | • Prohibited factory work of children under nine • Provided two hours of education a day • Set the twelve-hour work day |
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