| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Kinetic theory | Explanation of the behavior of molecules in matter; states that all matter is made of constantly moving particles that collide without losing energy. |
| Melting point | Temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy. |
| Heat of fusion | Amount of energy required to change a subsance from the solid phase to the liquid phase |
| Heat of vaporization | Amount of energy required for liquid particles to escape the attractive forces within the liquid or the energy required to change from a liquid to a gas. |
| Boiling point | Temperature at which the pressure of the atmosphere is equal to the pressure of a liquid's vapor, and gas molecules can escape the attractive force between the molecules. |
| Diffusion | Spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed. |
| Plasma | High temperature gas with an overall neutral charge that is the most common state of matter in the universe. |
| Thermal expansion (def) | Increase in the size of a substance that results from the separation of its molecules when the temperature is increased. |
| Kinds of matter | Solids, liquids, gases. |
| 3 parts of kinetic theory | 1. All matter is composed of small particles. 2. Particles are in constant motion. 3. Particles collide with each other and walls of container. |
| Do particles lose energy during collisions? | Yes, but only a small amount. |
| Thermal energy | Total energy of a material's particles, including kinetic and potential energy. |
| Temperature | Average kinetic energy in a substance that tells how fast particles are moving. If it's cold, the particles move slower. |
| Absolute zero | -273.15 C |
| Solids | Particles are closely packed together |
| Liquid | Particles have more kinetic energy than solids, so they can break out of arrangement. |
| How do particles slip out of their ordered arrangement? | Energy |
| Liquid flow | Liquids take shape of their containers due to their particles. |
| Particles in liquids | Cling together to equal a definite volume. |
| Gas state | Gas has no fixed volume or shape |
| Vaporization | Liquid changing into gaseous state |
| Melting point | Temperature at which solids turn to liquids |
| Heat of fusion | Amount of energy required to change a solid to a liquid at its melting point |
| Liquids vs. solids | Liquids have more kinetic energy |
| Evaporation | Occurs at liquid's surface |
| Gas particles | Have enough kinetic energy to overcome attractions between them. |
| Boiling point | Temperature at which pressure of vapor in liquid is equal to external |
| Two ways of vaporization | Evaporation and boiling point |
| Way external pressure pushes | Down. |
| Diffusion | Occurs in solids, liquids, but mostly gases. |
| Temperature when ice melts | 0 C |
| When water boils | 100 C |
| What flat lines show | Constant temperature, even though absorbing heat; heat is changing into another state. |
| Plasma state | Most common state of matter in universe |
| What plasma is made of | positive and negative particles |
| Objects made of plasma | Stars. |
| Heating of matter | Expansion |
| Cooling of matter | Contraction |
| Where thermal expansion occurs | MOST solids, liquids and gases. |
| Expansion of gases | Heating of air causes it to become less dense than the surrounding air, causing it to rise. |
| Does water expand as the temperature rises? If not, why? | Water doesn't expand as the temperature rises because the particles in water move closer together instead of farther apart. |
| Does water have all positive charge areas? | No. It has highly positive and negative areas. |
| Where do charges line up in water? | In positive and negative zones. |
| Where do empty spaces occur in water? | In negative and positive areas. |
| Is ice less dense than water? | Yes, which is why ice floats. |
| Amorphous solids | Solids that don't have a definite boiling point. |
| T or F- All elements have an exact boiling point | False. Most elements have an exact boiling point.. |
| When amorphous solids turn to liquid | Over a temperature range. |
| What amorphous solids lack | Tightly ordered structure found in crystals |
| Examples of amorphous solids | Glass, plastic |
| Liquid crystals | Don't lose their ordered arrangement completely |
| When geometric arrangement of a solid is lost | When a solid goes into a liquid state |
| What liquid crystals obtain | Geometric order and specific direction |
| What liquid crystals respond to | Highly responsive to temperature changes and electric fields |
| Where liquid crystals are classed | Classes depending on order they maintain when they liquefy. |
| Buoyancy | Ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in the fluid |
| Pressure | Amount of force exerted per unit area; SI unit is the pascal, Pa |
| Viscosity | A fluid's resistance to flow |
| Rule of buoyancy | If buoyant force is less than the object's weight, the object sinks. if more, it floats. |
| Archimedes | Greek mathematician |
| Archimedes' Principle | Buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. |
| When the weight of water displaced- buoyant force- the object | Floats |
| If weight of block is more than weight of water | Sinks. |
| Density | Mass per unit volume |
| Density is less than the density of the fluid it's placed in | Object will float |
| Density is more than the density of the fluid it's placed in | Object sinks |
| Pascal | French scientist |
| Pascal's Principle | Pressure applied to a liquid is transmitted throughout fluid |
| Applying Pascal's principle | Hydraulic machines move heavy loads in accordance with Pascal's principle |
| Bernoulli | Swiss scientist |
| Bernoulli's Principle | As velocity of fluid increases, pressure decreases |
| Velocity | Speed and direction |
| Property of fluid | Tendency to flow |
| Resistance to flow | Viscosity |
| Why fluids vary in tendency to flow | Structures differ |
| Rise in temperature | Increases particle movement in substance |
| Particles move faster | energy transfer occurs quicker |
| High viscosity | Flows slowly |
| Low viscosity | Flows easily |
| Pascal unit | SI unit of pressure |
| Cause of atmospheric pressure | Collisions of particles in the air |
| Most pressure measured in | Kilopascals |
| Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in | Increased gas pressure |
| Boyle | British scientist |
| Boyle's law | Relate pressure and volume |
| Volume decreases, pressure | increases |
| Volume inceases, pressure | decreases |
| (Boyle's law) Pressure multiplied by volume if temperature is constant equals | A constant |
| Heating an enclosed gas | Particles strike the walls of the canister more often. If volume can't increase, the pressure increases. Eventually it explodes. |
| Charles | French scientist |
| Charles's law | The volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, as long as pressure doesn't change. |
| At constant pressure, volume increases as | Temperature increases |
| At constant pressure, volume decreases as | Temperature decreases |
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