Absolutism
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Escorial | Philip's gray granite palace; had massive walls & huge gates that demonstrated his power; it reflected his faith because a monastery as well as a palace were within its walls |
| Spanish Armada | The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. |
| Philip II of Spain | King of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I, strengthened the Catholic church and made his own power absolute. |
| Thirty Years War | Last and most destructive RELIGIOUS WAR. Began with a failing Peace of Augsburg, religious division, and a fragmented German nation. 4 phases. Began as religious war but ended as a POLITICAL one. Ended 1648 with TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. France emerged dominant while Spain/Habsburgs lost power. |
| Phases of the Thirty Years War | Phase 1: Hapsburg Domination Phase 2: Swedish Intervention Phase 3: French Intervention |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship in France (Henry IV) |
| Henry of Navarre | Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end. |
| Louis XIV of France | The Sun King I am the State |
| Versailles | The great palace of Louis XIV. Demonstrated Louis' power |
| Intendants | imposed by Louis XIV, they were law officials who collected taxes and administered justice, and were cause of much discontent, "government agents"; took power from nobles and consolidated power of the King |
| War of Spanish Succession | a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | This mercantilist economist was the financial advisor to Louis XIV |
| Cardinal Richelieu | This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy |
| Maria Theresa of Austria | Empress of Austria whose main enemy was Prussia |
| Frederick II of Prussia | the 18th century ruler who called himself/herself "the first servant of the state" was |
| Seven Years War | Austria vs Prussia; Austria abandoned old ally Britain for France and Russia; Prussia joined with British (WINNERS); significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs |
| Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. |
| Peter the Great | ruled Russia from the late 17th century to the early 18th century, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia, built St Petersburg (warm water port) |
| Divine Right of Kings | the idea that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God |
| Absolutism | the principle of complete and unrestricted power in government |
| Boyars | Russian nobles |
| War of Austrian Succession | Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him. |
| Rene Descartes | French writer and brilliant thinker that wrote Meditation. He created philosophy that influenced modern thinkers and helped develop scienticic method. Meditations on First Philosophy. |
| Skepticism | the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge |
| El Greco | Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614) |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |
| James I of England | he was declared King of England by will of Elizabeth; first Stuart ruler, son of Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots; viewed his authority superior to Parliament |
| Charles I of England | 1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded |
| Oliver Cromwell | Roundhead general who won Civil War for the Cavaliers with his New Model Army; eventually became a military dictator |
| Long Parliament | Parliament convened by Charles I in 1640; lasted on and off for 20 years; passed laws that limited power of monarchy |
| Restoration | the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660 |
| Charles II of England | his reign was called 'restoration' |
| Habeas Corpus | a person can't be held in prison without first being charged with a crime |
| Constitutional Monarchy | a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law |
| William and Mary | These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament |
| Glorious Revolution | In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights. |
| Frederick the Great | This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler |
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