|
 Roots | absorb water and dissolved nutrients |
| Roots | anchor plants in the ground |
| Roots | protect the plant from harmful soil bacteria and fungi |
| Stems | are a support system for the plant body |
| Stems | a transport system that carries nutrients |
| Stems | a defense system that protect the plant against predators and disease |
| Leaves | are a plants main photosynthetic system |
| Leaves | increase the amount of sunlight plants absorb |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide | adjustable pores conserve water and let what enter and exit the leaf |
| Dermal tissue vascular tissue ground tissue | plants consist of three main tissue systems |
| Epidermal cells | the outer covering of a plant consists of |
| Epidermal cells | what cells make up dermal tissue |
| Cuticle | the outer surfaces of epidermal cells are covered with a thick waxy layer, known as the |
| Injury | the cuticle protects against water loss and |
| Root hair | in roots the dermal tissue includes what type of hair |
| Guard cells | these cells regulate water loss and gas exchange and our located on the underside of leaves |
| Vascular tissue | this tissue forms a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant |
| Xylem | consists of tracheids |
| Phloem | consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells |
| Ground tissues | cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues make up the |
| Tips of roots and stems | in most plants new cells are produced at the |
| Meristem | a cluster of tissue that is responsible for continuing growth throughout a plants lifetime |
| Undifferentiated | the new cells produced in meristematic tissue are |
| Differentiate | as the cells develop into mature cells, they |
| Differentiation | this is the process in which cells become specialized in structure |
| Vascular tissue | as the cells differentiate they produce ground and |
| Apical meristem | near the tip of each growing stem and root is an |
| Apical meristem | a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems |
| Mitosis | meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by |
| Taproots fibrous roots | the two main types of roots are |
| Taproots | these roots are found mainly in dicots |
| Fibrous roots | these roots are found mainly in monocots |
| Carrot | an example of a taproot is a |
| Dermal vascular and ground tissue | roots contain cells from |
| Epidermis | a mature root has an outside layer called the |
| Water and mineral transport | the root system plays a key role in |
| Root hairs | the roots surface is covered with cellular projections called |
| Epidermis | what protects the root and absorbs water |
| Cortex | inside the epidermis is a layer of ground tissue called the |
| Endodermis | the cortex extends to another layer of cells called the |
| Vascular cylinder | this is the central region of a root that includes the xylem and phloem |
| Roots | these grow in length as their apical meristem produces new cells near the root tip |
| Root cap | new cells are covered by the |
| Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil | roots anchor a plant in the ground and |
| Nitrogen phosphorus potassium magnesium calcium | the most important nutrients plants need to include |
| ATP | transport proteins use what to pump mineral ions from the soil into the plant |
| Osmosis | when water moves into the vascular cylinder and into the xylem its called |
| Minerals | what is pumped into the vascular cylinder |
| Xylem | the root pressure forces water through the vascular cylinder and into the |
| Stems | they produce leaves, branches and flowers |
| Stems | they hold up leaves to the sunlight |
| Stems | they transport substances between roots and leaves |
| Epidermal cells | stems are surrounded by a layer of what |
| Nodes | leaves attach to the stem at structures called |
| Internodes | the regions of stem between the nodes are called |
| Buds | what contains undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves |
| Primary growth | all seed plants undergo what growth that increases in length |
| Roots and shoots | for the entire life time of the plant new cells are produced at the tips of what |
| Apical meristem | primary growth of stems is produced by cell divisions in the |
| Secondary growth | the method of growth in which stems increase in width is called |
| Conifers and dicots | in what type of plants does secondary growth take place in the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| Vascular cambium | what produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of stems over time |
| Cork cambium | what produces the outer covering of stems |
| Photosynthesis | the structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out |
| Blades | to collect sunlight most leaves have thin flattened sections called |
| Petiole | the blade is attached to the stalk called a |
| Simple | what leaves have only one blade and one petiole |
| Compound | what leaves have several blades |
| Mesophyll | most leaves consist of a specialized ground tissue known as |
| Stomata | what are porelike openings in the underside of the leag that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to difuse into and out of the leaf |
| Guard cells | what are specialized cells that control the opening and closing by stomata by responding to changes in water |
| Gases | the surfaces of spongy mesophyll cells are kept moist so what can enter and leave the cells easily |
| Water | what evaporates from these surfaces and is lost in the atmosphere |
| Transpiration | what is the loss of water through the plant leaves |
| Wilting | when to much water is lost what occurs |
| Stomata | plant leaves allow gas exchange between air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and the exterior by opening the |
| Guard cells | stomata open and close in response to changes in water pressure within the |
| Active | stomata open in daytime when photosynthesis is |
| Converse water | in hot dry conditions stomata may close even in bright sunlight to |