| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cocci Shape | spherical |
| Bacilli Shape | rods |
| Spirilli Shape | spirals |
| Phylum Rizopoda | amoeba |
| Phylum Foraminifera | foraminifera |
| Phylum Actinopoda | radiozoa |
| Phylum Zoomastigophora | trypanosoma |
| Phylum Ciliophora | paramecium |
| Phylum Dinoflagellata | dinoflagellates |
| Phylum Cacillariophyta | diatoms |
| Phylum Phaeophyta | brown algae |
| Phylum Rhodophyta | red algae |
| Phylum Chlorophyta | green algae |
| Phylum Bryophyta | mosses |
| Phylum Hepatophyta | liverworts |
| Phylum Lycophyta | club moss |
| Phylum Sphenophyta | horsetails |
| Phylum Pterophyta | ferns |
| Phylum Chytridiomycota | allomyces |
| Angiosperms | flowering plants |
| Phylum Zygomycota | rhizopus - black bread mold |
| Phylum Ascomycetes | a fungus whose spores develop within asci. The ascomycetes include most molds, mildews, and yeasts, the fungal component of most lichens |
| Phylum Basidiomycota | mushrooms |
| Asymmetrical | do not have definite shape and has no symmetry |
| Psuedocoelomate | three layered bodies with a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm, not completely surrounded by mesoderm |
| Eucoelomate | has 3 layers (e.t.) with organs in a cavity that is not completely lined with mesoderm |
| Acoelomate | means: no coelom; examples - platyhelminthes (flat worms), tape worms, planaria |
| Phylum Porifera | sponges |
| Phylum Cnidaria | jellyfish & anemones |
| Phylum Platyhelmonthes | planarians |
| Systematics | the study of evolutionary history, study of the diversity of life on the plante earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time |
| Taxonomy | the describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms - 1.7 million described - 5-100 million more |
| Speciation | the evolutionary process or event by which new biological species arise |
| Two ways to group organisms: | classification & phylogeny |
| Taxonomy | groups based on shared characteristics |
| Phylogeny | taxonomic system based on decent or evolutionary history |
| Systematics | tries to identify monophyletic groups |
| Monophyletic Group | groups sharing a most recent common ancestor and including all descendants, also called a clade |
| Polyphyletic Group | don't include the common ancestor |
| Paraphyletic Group | taxon contains groupings of species with different common ancestors. |
| Taxon | name classification unit to which individuals or set of species are assigned |
| Analogous Structures | similar function but different structure - bat wings vs. bird wings |
| Homologous Structures | similar structure but different function - human arm vs. whale arm |
| Parsimony | preference for the leaser complex explanation for an observation, |
| Phylogentics | the future of systematics using molecular data |
| Domains | bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
| Kingdoms | eubacteria, archaebacteria, plantae, protista, fungi, animalia |
| Archae and Bacteria | unicelluar, cells alck nuclei and membrane bound organelles, some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs |
| Archaea | ancient bacteria |
| Extremophiles | organism that live in extreme enviroments |
| Methanogens | live in extremely rich methane environments |
| Halophiles | live in extremely salty environments |
| Thermophiles | live in extreme temperatures |
| Cyanobacteria | plantlike photosynthesizers, contain chlorophyll, abundant where ever there is water |
| Protista | eukaryotic, single celled or colonial, auto or heterotrophic |
| Heterotrophs | don't make there own food |
| Autotrophs | produce their own food |
| Plants | multicellular autotrophs |
| Multicellular Organism | an organisms that has specialized cells that are integrated into tissues that are interdependent |
| Colonial Organism | organism that have cells that are less specialized, the removal of cells or splitting the organism does not affect its ability to live and function |
| Evolutionary Trend In Plants | size (height) has increased through time |
| Evolutionary Trend In Plants | lessen the dependence on water |
| Life Cycle | move from dominant gametophyte stage to sporophyte stage in plants that produce spores/gametes |
| Vascular Tissue | arises only in sprorophytes - this allows for larger size, no requirement for water reproduction, height helps with dispersal |
| Types of Dispersal | wind, water, self shot, attached to animals, eaten by animals |
| Attractant | advertises the reward - showy flowers, colors |
| Co-evolution | is a long-term change that takes place in two species because of their close interactions with one another |
| Evolution of Green Algae | 600-500 MYA |
| Evolution of Land Plants | 500-475 MYA |
| Evolution of Vascular Plants | 400 MYA |
| Evolution of Seed Plants | 375 MYA |
| Evolution of Flowering Plants | 150 MYA |
| Ancestors to Land Plants | chloroplast structure, use of starch as polysaccharide storage, life cycle (alternation of generations), water required for fertilization |
| Vascular Tissue | evolutionary adaption to move substances |
| Gymnosperms | seed plants |
| Seed Plants | dominant sporophytes |
| Pollen Grain | male gamete |
| Ovary | female gamete |
| Seeds | evolutionary adaptation to house, protect, and nourish immature sporophyte |
| Phylum Coniferophyta | conifers |
| Phylum Ginkgophyta | ginko |
| Phylum Cycadophyta | Cycads |
| Phylum Gnetophyta | phylum that contains Ephedra and Gnetum |
| Seed and Flower Plant | angiosperm |
| Angiosperm | dominant sporophyte |
| Phylum Anthophyta | phylum that contains the flowering plants |
| Fungi | multicellular heterotrophs, more closely related to animals than plants, digest food externally |
| Mass of Fungi | most is underground |
| Hyphae | thin filaments for nutrient absorbtion |
| Mycelium | mass of hyphae, main area of food absorbtion. |
| Fungi Reproduction | sexually and asexually |
| Mycorrihiza | kind of mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants |
| Slime Molds | do not have cell walls; made of chitin - colonial |
| Lichens | often found on rocks and trees, are symbiotic associations of a fungus with photosynthetic partner, normally placed in ascomycota |
| Animals | eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, ingestive nutritional mode |
| Asymmetric | type of body plant that has no type of symetry |
| Radial | parts arranged around a central axis |
| Bilateral | most animals, allows streamlining |
| Sponges | masses of unspecialized cells |
| 2 Layers of Tissue | ectoderm and endoderm |
| 3 Layers of Tissue | ectoderm and mesoderm and endoderm |
| Acoelomate | no body cavity, mesoderm fills all space, small size, diffusion must occur across layers |
| Psuedocoelomate | three layered bodeis with a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm |
| Coelomate | cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm, blood vessels (circulatory system) is mesoderm, transport nutrients |
| Digestive System with One Opening | cnidarians |
| 2 Opening Digestive System | flow allows for greater tissue specialization, more efficient |
| Phylum Nematoda | hookworms, flukes, many parasitic |
| Phylum Annelida | bilateral coelomates - leaches and earthworms |
| Phylum Chordata | our phylum |
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