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Taproot Characteristic of Eudicots, a primary root that grows downward and initiates lateral roots. Fibrous Roots Structure characteristic of Monocots, originate from the stem. Prop Roots Characteristic of Monocots, serve as structural support. Phytomer Repeating module of one or more leaves, internodes, and axillary buds that constitutes a shoot. Internode Interval of stem between two nodes Axillary Bud Form in the angle where the leaf meets the stem. Can develop into a branch Terminal Bud End of a stem or branch Phyllotaxy Arrangement of leaves along the stem Blade Thin, flat structure attached to the stem or stalk by a petiole. Petiole Attaches a blade to the stem. Middle Lamella Thin layer between the walls of two daughter cells Primary Cell Wall Composed of bundled microfibrils of cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Pectins Secondary Cell Wall Provides mechanical support necessary for large stems, contains lignin instead of pectin Lignin Strong carbon complex resistant to water and animal digestion Meristem A cluster of undifferentiated cells that allow a plant to develop organs throughout its lifetime Suspensor The supporting structure to the embryo proper resulting from asymmetrical division Cotyledon "Seed leave" formed by embryo in the heart stage Epidermal cell Typically has a small central vacuole or none at all. Can differentiate once cell division stops into stomata, trichomes, or root hairs. Trichome Leaf hairs that provide protection from insects and solar radiation Cuticle Made of cutin, secreted by above-ground epidermal cells. Limits water loss, reflects solar radiation, and serves as a barrier against pathogens. Primary Growth lengthening of roots and shoots and the proliferation of new roots and shoots Secondary Growth Increase in girth typical of many gymnosperms and eudicots Initial Cell type that perpetuates the meristem, comparable to stem cells in animals. Apical Meristem Orchestrates primary growth, characterized by cell division followed by vertical elongation. Give rise to primary meristems Lateral Meristem Orchestrates secondary growth, includes Vascular Cambium and Cork Cambium Root Cap Protects growing end of the root as it pushes through the soil. Secretes slime as lubricant Zone of Division The root pushes downward into the soil in this zone Zone of Elongation Newly formed cells are elongated to push the root farther into the soil in this Zone Zone of Maturation Cells begin differentiating in this Zone Vegetative Meristem Apical meristem that produces leaves Eudicot Clade consisting of most angiosperms, characterized by a taproot and two cotyldons (e.g. cacti, daisies) Monocot Angiosperms with a single embryonic leaf, characterized by parallel leaves, fibrous roots (e.g. grasses, onion, fern) Quiescent Center Apical meristem found directly behind the root cap dormant until the root becomes damaged