Ch-26 Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance
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Created by:
jackiefultz on January 6, 2012
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Which tissue is least & most hydrated | Least-adipose 20% Most-Skeletal muscle-75% |
| Consists of trillions of tiny individual compartments | Intracellular fluid compartments |
| the bodys internal environment, external environment of each cell | extracellular fld compartment |
| The 2 subcompartments of ECF | 1. Plasma-fluid portion of the blood 2. Interstitial Fluid-fluid between tissue cells |
| Have bonds that prevent them from dissociating in solution | Nonelectrolytes |
| chemical compounds that do dissociate into ions in water | Electrolytes |
| How does water move? | according to osmotic gradients-from lesser osmolarity to an area of greater osmolarity |
| The one difference between the two extracellular fluid components | Plasma has more protein than interstitial fld |
| What are the most abundant ECF electrolytes? | Sodium, Chloride, and bicarbonate ions |
| What substances does ICF contain | Protein Anions, potassium, phosphate, and magnesium |
| What regulates fluid exchange between compartments? | osmotic and hydrostatic pressures |
| Filtrate is forced out of capillaries by? and pulled back in by? | Filtrate is forced out of capillaries by hydrostatic pressure and pulled back in by colloid osmotic pressure |
| How does water move between ECF and ICF | Freely by osmosis |
| How are solute movements restricted? | size, charge, and dependence of transport proteins |
| Water flows always follow changes in what? | ECF osmolarity |
| The hypothalamic thirst center is excited by what? | A increase 2-3% in plasma osmolarity |
| Three ways hypothalamic thirst center neurons are stimulated | osmoreceptors lose water by: osmosis to the hypertonic ECF, activated by angiotensin II, by barorecptor inputs |
| What causes aquaporins to be inserted in the cell membranes of the collecting ducts? | Antidiuretic hormone |
| The amount of water reabsorbed in the renal collecting ducts is ________ to ADH release | Proportional |
| Diluted urine and a reduced volume of body fluids | Low ADH |
| Fever, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting ..do what to ADH | Trigger it's release |
| Due to stress on the body, ADH also increases BP by? | constricting arterioles |
| Oliguria | Decreased urine output |
| Hypovolemic Shock | water loss from plasma results in inadequate blood volume, unable to maintain normal circulation |
| In dehydration, water is lost from where? | the ECF |
| Low ECF Na+ | Hyponatremia |
| body fluids are excessively diluted, cells swollen...can result in cerebral edema | hypotonic hydration |
| Hypoproteinemia | abnormally low level of protein in the blood, results in tissue edema |
| disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex, can result in severe cravings for salty foods | Addisons disease |
| Promotes sodium reabsorption and water conservation | Aldosterone |
| When do the granular cells release Renin? | declining BP and falling filtrate osmolarity |
| Enhances systemic BP and aldosterone release | Angiotensin II (renin converted) |
| The cario baroreceptors sense changing arterial BP, prompting? | changes in sympathetic vasomotor activity |
| Rising Arterial pressure leads to? | vasodilation and enhanced sodium and water loss in urine |
| Falling arterial pressure leads to? | vasoconstriction, conserves sodium and water |
| What is the effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide? | released when BP is high, vasodilation, inhibits renin, aldosterone and ADH release. Enhances sodium and water excretion-reduces BV & BP |
| Increase Renal retention of sodium | Estrogens and glucocorticoids |
| Enhances sodium and water excretion in urine | Progesterone |
| About 90% of filtered potassium is reabsorbed by what structure? | proximal regions of the nephrons |
| Which cells secrete potassium? | Principle cells |
| What enhances K+ secretion by the principle cells? | Increased plasma K+ and aldosterone |
| During a K+ deficit which cells reabsorb small amounts of K+? | Type A cells of CD |
| Where does PTH regulated reabsorption occur? | Mainly in the DCT |
| PTH decreases renal absorption of what ion? | Phosphate |
| Declining plasma levels of calcium stimulate the parathyroid gland to release PTH, increases calcium by targeting which organs? | Bones, Small Intestine, and Kidneys |
| The major anion accompanying sodium in the ECF? | Chloride |
| the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45 | Alkalosis |
| Drop in arterial pH to below 7.35 | Acidosis |
| In acidosis, which ion goes with sodium reabsorption? | Bicarbonate |
| Proton (H+) donors | Acids |
| Proton acceptors | BASES |
| 3 ways acids are generated in the body | 1. breakdown of phosphorus containing proteins 2. incomplete oxidation of fats or glucose 3. loading and transport of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| The only important ECF buffer | Bicarbonate Buffer system |
| Phosphate Buffer system is effective in buffering ? Ineffective? | Effective buffering urine in ICF (due to high phosphate concentrations) Ineffective-blood plasma |
| Mose plentiful and powerful source of buffers | protein buffer system |
| Amphoteric molecules | protein can function as either an acid or base depending on the pH of its environment |
| What two things active the respiratory center? | Hypercapnia--- medullary chemoreceptors rising plasma H+ concentrations |
| To counteract acidosis, either one of two mechanisms may be used | 1. Secreted H+ in the urine 2. NH4+ excreted in urine |
| How is alkalosis counteracted? | Bicarbonate ion is secreted into the filtrate and H+ is absorbed |
| Results from CO2 retention | Respiratory Acidosis |
| Occurs when CO2 is eliminated faster than it's produced | Respiratory Alkalosis |
| Occurs when fixed acids accumulate in the blood or when bicarbonate is lost | Metabolic Acidosis |
| Occurs when bicarbonate levels are excessive | Metabolic Alkalosis |
| Involve changes in respiratory rate and depth | Respiratory compensations |
| modify blood levels of HCO3- | Renal compensations |
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