Modern History Final Exam Terms
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234 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | a period of European history, lasting from about 1300-1600 during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world |
| Humanism | a Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focussed on human potential achievements |
| Secular | concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |
| Patron | a person who supports artists, especially financially |
| Perspective | an artistic technique that creates the appearance of 3-dimensions on a flat surface |
| Vernacular | the everday language of people in a region or country |
| Cosimo de' Medici | wealthiest European of his time, controlled Florence's government, 30-year dictator of Florence |
| Leonardo da Vinci | painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| Petrarch | Father of Renaissance, poet, wrote in Italian and Latin |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote The Prince |
| Utopia | an imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book, Utopia. Ideal place |
| Albrecht Durer | German artist, created woodcuts and engravings |
| Jan van Eyck | used oil-based paint |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Christian humanists, from Holland, wrote The Praise of Folly |
| Johann Gutenberg | craftsman from Mainz, Germany. developed print and press |
| Indulgence | a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin |
| Reformation | a 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christain Churches that rejected the Pope's authority |
| Lutheran | a member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther |
| Protestant | a member of a Christain Church founded on the principles of the Reformation |
| Annul | to cancel or set aside |
| Anglican | relating to the Church of England |
| Martin Luther | Monk and teacher, taught at scripture at the University of Witthenberg, was excommunicated |
| Pope Leo X | issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor, devout Catholic, opposed Luther's teachings |
| Edict of Worms | declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic, no one was allowed to feed or shelter Luther |
| Peace of Augsburg | religious settlement to decide the religion of each Prince's state |
| Henry VII | King of England, devout Catholic, "Defender of the Faith" -named by the Pope |
| Predestination | the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved |
| Calvinism | a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer, John Calvin |
| Theocracy | a government controlled by religious leaders |
| Presbyterian | a member of a Protestant Church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox |
| Anabaptist | a member of a Protestant groupp that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christain and believed in the separation of church and state |
| Catholic Reformation | a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation |
| Jesuits | members of the society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola |
| Huldrych Zwingli | Catholic priest in Zurich, caused the Zwingli to attack the Catholic Church |
| John Calvin | law student, created Calvinism |
| Ignatius of Loyola | grew up in Loyola, Spain. wrote Spiritual Exercises |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between Portugal and Spain declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Altantic Ocean would belong to Spain and land to the east would belong to Portugal |
| Dutch East India Company | a company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia |
| Bartolomeu Dias | early Portuguese explorer |
| Prince Henry | son of Portugal's king, helped conquer the Muslim City of Ceuta in North Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer, explored east of the African coast |
| Colony | a land controlled by another nation |
| Conquistador | the Spanish soldier, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century |
| Mestizo | a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |
| Encomienda | a grand of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americas as laborers |
| Christopher Columbus | sailed for Spain in 1492, founded new land |
| Hernando Cortes | landed on Mexico |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered the Incan Empire |
| Atahualpa | Incan ruler |
| New France | France's colonial empire in North America |
| Jamestown | England founded land at the coast of Virginia and named it after England's king |
| Pilgrims | a group of people who founded the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England |
| Puritans | a group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay |
| New Netherland | The Dutch founded this area |
| French and Indian War | a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | the buying, transport, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas |
| Triangular Trade | the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, Europe, West Indies, and the Americas |
| Middle Passage | the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves |
| Columbian Exchange | the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the Euporean colonization of the Americas |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
| Joint-Stock Company | a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, the share the profits |
| Mercantilism | an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
| Favorable Balance of Trade | an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than its buys from abroad |
| Estates | one of the 3 social classes in France before the French Revolution; First Estate-clergy, Second Estate-nobility, Third Estate-rest of population(peasants) |
| Old Regime | social and political system of France |
| Louis XVI | France's king |
| Marie Antoinette | France king's wife |
| Estates General | assembly of representatives from all 3 estates |
| National Assembly | the third estate that pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people |
| Tennis Courth Oath | third estate broke down indoor tennis courths and drew up a new constitution |
| Great Fear | senseless panic |
| Guillotine | a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the Frech Revolution |
| Legislative Assembly | power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war |
| Emigre | nobles and others who fled France |
| Sans-culotte | small shoekeepers wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes |
| Jacobin | club members |
| Maximelien Robespierre | Jacobin leader |
| Reign of Terror | Robespierre rule period |
| Coup d'etat | a sudden seizure of political power in a nation |
| Plebicite | a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve/reject a proposal |
| Lycee | a state-run public schoool in France |
| Concordat | a formal agreement, expecially one between the Pope and the government, dealing with the control of Church affairs |
| Napolean Bonaperte | joined the army and government |
| Napolenoic Code | Bonaparte's comprehensive system of laws |
| Battle of Trafalgar | off the southwest coast of Spain, Bonaparte lost |
| Blockade | the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city/region |
| Guerilla | a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes suprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his/her country |
| Scorched-earth policy | the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy can't live off the land |
| Continental System | Napoleon's policy that prevented all trade and communication between Great Britian and other countries |
| Peninsular War | Napoleon lost over 300,000 men |
| Waterloo | village near Belgium |
| Hundred Days | Napoleon was defeated |
| Balance of Power | a political situation in which no one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others |
| Legitimacy | the hereditary righty of monarch to rule |
| Congress of Vienna | set up policies to achieve goals |
| Klemens von Metternich | foreign minister of Austria |
| Holy Alliance | pledged to base their relations with other nations on Christian principles |
| Concert of Europe | ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out |
| Industrial Revolution | the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine |
| Enclosure | one of the fenced-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formly worked by village farmers |
| Crop Rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
| Industrialization | the development of industries for the machine production of goods |
| Factors of Production | the reasources-including land, labor, and capital-that are needed to produce goods and services |
| Factory | a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods |
| Urbanization | the growth of cities and the migration of people into them |
| Middle Class | a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers |
| Stock | certain rights of ownership of a business |
| Corporation | a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not reponsible for its debts |
| Laissez Faire | the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses |
| Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make profit |
| Utilitarianism | the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
| Socialism | an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
| Communism | an economic system in which all means of production-land, factories, and businesses-are owned by the people, no private property, all goods and services are equally |
| Union | an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages |
| Strike | to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands |
| Adam Smith | professor at the University of Glasqow, Scottland. defended the idea of a free economy, wrote The Wealth of Nations |
| Karl Marx | introduced Marxism |
| imperialism | a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially |
| racism | the belief that one race is superior to others |
| social darwinism | the application of darwin's ideas |
| berlin conference | reps. of european nations agreed upon rules for european colonization of africa |
| shaka | zulu chief |
| boer | dutch colonist in south africa |
| boer war | a conflict, lasting from 1899-1902 |
| paternalism | policy of treating subject people as if they were children |
| assimilation | a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subjected pepople to adopt its institutions and customs |
| menelik II | helped resist european take over |
| geopolitics | a foreign policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands |
| crimean war | 1853-1856, ottoman halted russian expansion |
| suez canal | human-made waterway, 1869, red sea--> mediterranean |
| sepoy | indian soldier serving under british command |
| "jewel in the crown" | British term for the value of India |
| sepoy mutiny | 1857 rebellion of hindu and muslim soldiers against british in india |
| raj | british rule after india came under the british crown |
| annexation | the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit |
| pacific rim | lands around the pacific ocean-especially near asia |
| king mongkut | protected Siam by setting foreign nations in competition with one another |
| emilio aguinaldo | leader of filipino nationalists |
| queen liliuokalani | hawaiian ruler took throne, 1893, called for new constitution |
| militarism | a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
| triple alliance | a military alliance between germany, austria-hungary, and italy in the years preceeding WWI |
| triple entente | a military alliance between great britain, france, and russia |
| kaiser wilhelm II | ruler of germany |
| trench warfare | a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield |
| central powers | in WWI, the nations of germany and austria-hungary, along with the other nations that fought on their side |
| allies | great britain, france, russia, soviet union; opposed the axis powers in WWI |
| western front | the region of northern france where the forces of the allies and the central powers battled each other |
| schlieffen plan | germanys military plan at the outbreak of WWI, according to which german troops would rapidly defeat france and then move east to attack russia |
| eastern front | the region along the german-russian border |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship found in an enemys waters |
| total war | a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort |
| rationing | limiting the amount of goods someone can buy |
| propaganda | info/material spread to advance a cause |
| armistice | an agreement to stop fighting |
| self-determination | freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live with |
| woodrow wilson | president of the u.s. during WWI |
| georges clemenceau | representative of france |
| fourteen points | a series of proposals in which u.s. president wilson outlined a plan for achieving a last peace after WWI |
| treaty of versailles | the peace treaty signed by germany and the allied powers after WWI |
| league of nations | an international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations |
| fascism | a militant political movement that emphazized loyalty |
| nazism | the germans brand of fascism |
| benito mussolini | boldly promised to rescue italy reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces |
| adolf hitler | created nazis and ruled germany during WWII |
| mein kampf | the book hitler wrote meaning "my struggle" |
| lebensraum | living space |
| appeasement | giving in to an aggressor to keep peace |
| isolationism | belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided |
| axis powers | name given to germany, italy, and japan |
| francisco frano | a general who fought in the spanish civil war |
| third reich | a name given to the german empire |
| munich conference | a meeting held on september 29, 1938 between germany, france, britain, and italy |
| nonaggression pact | a pact signed by soviet dictator, joseph stalin, to be nonaggressive with germany |
| blitzkrieg | a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces |
| charles de gualle | a french general, set up a government-in-exile in london |
| winston churchill | british prime minister, declared that his nation would never give in |
| battle of britain | germans planned air raids on britain, when it did not work, germany gave up |
| erwin rommel | a general of the german tank force |
| atlantic charter | roosevelt and churchill met secretly and issued a joint declaration |
| isoroku yamamoto | japans greatest naval strategist, attack on u.s. fleet |
| pearl harbor | american naval base bombed by the japanese on 12/7/41 |
| battle of midway | 6/7/42: 1500 miles west of Hawaii |
| douglas MacArthur | commander of the allied land forces in the pacific |
| battle of guadalcanal | 24,000 of 36,000 died. Japanese called it "the island of death" |
| ghetto | segregated jewish areas |
| genocide | killing of a large mass of people |
| aryan | the "master race" |
| kristallnacht | "night of broken glass" |
| "final solution" | a more direct plan to kill jews |
| kamikaze | japanese suicide pilot |
| dwight d. eisenhower | american president; general in morocco and algeria |
| battle of stalingrad | 8/23/42: stalin told his commanders to defend the city named after him to the death |
| d-day | an invasion of five beaches |
| battle of the bulge | germans push to the allies lines |
| demilitarization | disbanding japans army |
| democratization | creating a government developed by the people |
| nuremberg trials | 22 nazi leaders were charged with waging a war of aggression |
| Containment | Policy directed at blocking Soviet influences and stopping expansion of communism |
| Brinkmanship | willingness to go to the brink, or edge of war |
| United Nations | international organization that was intended to protect against aggression |
| Iron curtain | phrase for Churchill about Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe |
| Truman doctrine | support for countries that rejected communism |
| Marshal plans | plan to provide goods to rebuild Western Europe |
| Cold War | U.S. vs. Soviet Union; struggle over political differences |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; alliance between Canada and US |
| Warsaw pact | Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Albania |
| Commune | large collective farms |
| Mao Zedong | leader of the communists |
| Jiang jieshi | leader of the nationalist forces |
| Red guards | young militia units |
| Cultural Revolution | led by red guards, wanted to establish an equal society |
| Domino theory | Southeast Asia is like dominos, one after one will fall |
| Vietnamization | allowed US troops to gradually pull out |
| 38th parallel | a line that crosses Korea at 38 degrees latitude |
| Douglas MacArthur | US military general |
| Ho chi minh | Vietnamese nationalist, turned to communists for help |
| Ngo dinh Diem | anti-communist leader |
| Vietcong | communist guerillas |
| Khmer rouge | set up a brutal communist government under pulpot |
| Third world | developing nation |
| Nonaligned nation's | independent countries |
| Fidel Castro | led Cuban revolution |
| Anastasia Somoza | dictator of Nicaragua |
| Daniel Ortega | leader of sandistas |
| Ayatollah ruholla Khomeini | leader of religious opposition |
| Detente | policy of lessening cold war tensions |
| Nikita Khrushchev | dominant soviet leader |
| Leonid Brezhnev | replaced Khrushchev |
| John F. Kennedy | president in early 1960's |
| Lyndon Johnson | vice president became president after Kennedy's death |
| Richard M. Nixon | leader of detente |
| SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks |
| Ronald Reagan | took presidential office in 1981 |
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