| Term | Definition |
|---|
| poison | virus derived from this latin word |
| virion | individual viral particle |
| infectious, microscopic, can be purified and crystallized, obligate intracellular parasites, evolve, nonliving | common characteristics of viruses |
| obligated to exist (reproduce) in cells; host cells are harmed | What does it mean to be obligate intracellular parasites? |
| viruses | Which are smaller, viruses or bacteria? |
| Louis Pasteur | believed rabies was carried by a infectious agent smaller than bacteria |
| Dimitri Ivanowsky | using a specialized filter he isolated "tobacco mosaic virus" |
| electron microscope | Due to this, virology evolved |
| capsid and genome | 2 components in all viruses |
| capsid | protein covering (coating) of virus |
| genome | RNA or DNA in virus |
| envelope | membranous covering that surrounds the capsid; made up of a phospholipid bilayer |
| receptor | Virus enters a specific host cell because a portion of the capsid (spikes on the envelope) adhere in a "lock and key" manner to a _____ on the host cell's outer surface. |
| viral nucleic acid | this enters the host cell; codes for protein units in the capsid |
| new viral components | viral nucleic acid uses the host cell to manufacture what? |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacterial cell |
| lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle | 2 different infectious "life" cycles in bacteriophages |
| lytic cycle | occurs with virulent viruses; reproduction occurs right away and the host cell undergoes lysis to release viral particles (host cell is killed) |
| lysogenic cycle | occurs with temperate viruses; viral reproduction doesn't occur right away (host cell isn't killed) |
| membranous envelope | surrounding the capsid, this helps the virus to enter and leave the cell (in animal virus reproduction) |
| protein spikes | receptors on the animal cell membrane; participate in lock and key fit with the cell membrane |
| capsid and genome | actually penetrate the animal cell |
| genome | once inside the cell, the virus is uncoated and this is freed |
| budding | the exit of viral particles from the animal cell (process) |
| may or may not | the release of viral particles ________ kill the host cell (animal cell) |
| retroviruses | RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage |
| viral RNA | this is "transcribed" into DNA and integrated into the host cell's DNA; explained by enzyme |
| reverse transcriptase | enzyme which carries out RNA to DNA transcription |
| viral DNA | this is integrated into the host's genome; is replicated when the host cell's DNA is replicated |
| biosynthesis, maturation, budding | new viruses are produced by these steps |
| disease, cancers | viral infections can cause |
| they infect living cells and take over reproductive apparatus in cells | viruses are difficult to treat because |
| NO | can we use antibiotics with viruses? |
| vaccines | these stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies |
| antibodies | proteins that interact with foreign substances to fight disease |
| inactivated | vaccine in which viruses are treated with chemicals or high heat so they cannot cause diseases |
| attenuated | vaccines in which viruses that have been weakened and cause antibody production; these vaccines last longer |
| viroids | single stranded RNA molecules (no capsid covering the genome); suspected to cause crop disease |
| prions | infectious protein particles; misshapen proteins that can cause neighboring proteins to change shape |
| monera | kingdom prokaryote is AKA |
| eubacteria and archaebacteria | kingdom prokaryote is divided into 2 kingdoms |
| binary fission | asexual reproduction in prokaryotes that produces 2 genetically identical offspring |
| transduction, transformation, and conjugation | 3 methods of prokaryotic genetic recombination |
| transduction | virus accidentally carries bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another |
| transformation | DNA from a broken bacterial cell (like by heat) is taken up by a living bacterial cell |
| conjugation | DNA is passed from one bacterial cell to another by way of a pilus |
| absorptive heterotrophs | break down organic molecules outside their cells by secreting digestive enzymes; they then absorb smaller particles |
| thick walled spore formation | formed in response to adverse/harsh environmental conditions: enables bacteria to survive until conditions improve |
| bacillus, coccus, spirrillium | 3 basic shapes of bacteria |
| eubacteria | true bacteria |
| eubacteria | most common prokaryote |
| peptidoglycan | cell walls in eubacteria contain unique molecule called |
| saprobe | not disease causing bacteria; some are beneficial |
| saprobes | most eubacteria are harmless ____ |
| pathogen | disease-causing agent |
| gram staining | procedure developed in the 1880's by Hans Christian Gram; multi-step process that subdivides eubacteria into 2 groups based on cell wall composition |
| gram + bacteria | have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall; appear purple under microscope |
| gram - bacteria | thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall; appear pink under the microscope |
| kingdom archaebacteria | different rRNA base sequence than true bacteria; cell membranes contain unusual lipids; don't contain peptidoglycan |
| chemoautotrophs | most archaebacteria are |
| methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles | 3 main types of archaebacteria |
| methanogens | archaebacteria that makes methane; found in anaerobic habitats like swamps and intestines of some animals |
| halophiles | archaebacteria that are aerobic; require high salt concentrations in their environment; found in Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake in Utah |
| thermoacidophiles | isolated in hot, acidic, environments; temps of 80 C and above; some at 105 C; ph of less than 2; found in hot springs, volcanoes, geysers, and hydrothermal vents |
| symbiosis | intimate relationships that exist between members of different kingdoms and/or species |
| parasitism | symbiosis where one species (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other; example: viruses, bacterial diseases |
| commensalism | symbiosis where one species is benefitted; the second neither is benefitted or harmed; example: some bacteria on your skin |
| mutualism | symbiosis where each species benefits |
| mycorrhiza | a mutualistic symbiotic relationship that exists between plant roots and fungi; fungi enable roots to collect more water and soil nutrients while fungi obtain "food" from roots |
| aerobic cellular respiration, fermentation, or both | how is energy released for prokaryotes |
| obligate anaerobes | killed in the presence of oxygen; have enzymes necessary for fermentation (anaerobic pathway) |
| obligate aerobes | require oxygen; have the enzymes required for aerobic cellular respiration |
| facultative anaerobes | can survive with or without oxygen; have enzymes required for either pathway |
| decomposers, biotechnology, and nitrogen fixers | importance of bacteria (3) |
| antibiotics | drugs used to fight bacterial infections |
| antibiotic resistance | the bacteria cuasing an infection over time may build up a tolerance to the antibiotic being given |
| overuse, underuse, and misuse of antibiotics | what causes bacteria to evolve antibiotic resistance? |
| chitin | fungi cell walls contain |
| eukaryotic | fungi are eukaryotic or prokaryotic? |
| yeast cells | most fungi are multicellular except for |
| don't move | fungi are "non-motile," meaning they |
| sexual and asexual | fungi have what kind of reproduction |
| glycogen | fungi use ______ for energy storage |
| cell walls, photosynthesis, and energy storage | how does fungi differ from plants? |
| chitin | in their cell walls, plants have cellulose, but fungi have _____ |
| not photosynthetic | plants are photosynthetic and have chloroplasts, whereas fungi are |
| glycogen | plants utilize starch for energy storage, but fungi use this for energy storage |
| centrioles | fungi have _______; plants do not, animals do |
| hyphae | thin filaments, each only one cell thick |
| septate | some fungal hyphae have separating cell walls called septa. these are classified as _____ hypha |
| coenocytic | some fungal hyphae don't have a septa; there are just numerous nuclei in a field of cytoplasm. these are called _____ hypha. |
| mycelium | tangled masses of hyphae well adapted to absorption (and secretion) because of a large surface area |
| fruiting body | reproductive structure which grows from mycelium in soil |
| asexual reproduction in fungi | 2 methods for this: a) a piece of hypha which breaks off can develop into a whole new organism genetically identical to parent. b) spore production: haploid cells are produced that may develop into new organisms through mitosis |
| sporangiophores | specialized hypha which contain sporangia |
| decomposers, food industry | importance of fungi |
| mycorrhiza and lichen | symbiotic relationships in fungi |
| zygomycota | phylum of fungi: familiar molds, some are parasites |
| zygospore | life cycle of a zygomycota involves the formation of _____; formed during the sexual phase of their life cycle when a thick wall develops around the diploid zygote |
| rhizoids, stolons, sporangiophores | structure of a bread mold: 3 types of hypha |
| rhizoids | "root-like" hyphae |
| stolons | "stem-like" hyphae |
| sporangiophores | hyphae that push up into air; function- reproduction |
| ascomycota | phylum of fungi that is named for the "ascus" |
| ascus | reproductive structure that contains spores; a fruiting body |
| yeasts, cup fungi, morels, and truffels | ascomycota includes |
| ergot | the head of rye sometimes contains an ascomycete which is extremely toxic and can cause disease in humans who eat infected rye grains |
| ergotism | disease that infects human who eat infected rye grains |
| basidiomycota | club fungi |
| mushrooms, shelf fungi, puff balls, smut, and rust | basidiomycota includes |
| basidia | spore bearing structures found on the gills that grow under mushroom caps |
| basidiospores | 2 nuclei in each basidium fuse to form a diploid zygote which then undergoes meiosis to form haploid _______ |
| dikaryotic | having 2 nuclei |
| + and - | mating strains in basidiocarps |
| new basidiocarp | compatible mating types will fuse, and grow into what? |
| chytridomycota | phylum of fungi: only fungi with flagellated spores; many species are decomposers found in lakes and moist soil |
| glomeromycota | phylum of fungi: terrestrial; associated with plant roots; reproduce asexually |
Combine with other sets
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