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Ivan III (Ivan the great) 1462-1505 Moscow Prince collected taxes from Mongols Russia had indirect rule political experience,build army, and collect taxes Rise of Moscow rise of moscow as center of Russia + expansion,reclaimed title of 3rd rome-Tsar/autocrat Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible) 1533-1584 continue expansion,autocracy(dictatorship),killed Russian nobles(boyars) Motivations for expansion-Stabiity/security Grasslands to the south+East had feuding nomadic raiding tribes Motivations for expansion -Economic/Social Siberia-fur trade(soft gold) Indigenous inhabitants-hunter gatherers(no threat) Influx of Russian settlers-decrease indigenous pop Motivations for expansion last of hunting ground,disease,demanded tribute in money or fur what happened to outsiders who stayed in russia? Russified,spoke russian language and converted to christianity Agrarian civilization had hunting societies Peter the great wanted to forget the past and modernize russia, he visited Europe in disguise(had bad disguise) to learn their ways Russians vs. Ottomans went against each other for land in eastern and southeast Europe Russian production shipbuilding industry,science technology,military Westernization policy revolutionized russia,limited western military,navy organization/technology+secret police When Russia Defeated sweden gained a water port (window on the sea) W.P.Shifted capital Moscow to ......... St.Petersburg W.P.Created Training institutions for bureaucracy based on merit W.P. Economically built mining + metallurgical industries (worked by serfs) W.P. Culturally adopted western clothing language,dress,no beards,increase public visibility for women Westernization problems Selective-meant to encourage autocratic state not challenge it,did not trust Russians, look commercial class development, never able to give up absolute power Catherine the Great "Westernizer" advocate of strong tsarist regime,Russian learn to speak French Expansion success Ottoman-Central Asia, partition divide of poland,increased hardships on peasants, political leeway for boyars-work/tax/influence,vigorously suppress serf rebellion increase power of central government Fall of Ming Dynasty climate change-colder climate,famine,revolts Nomadic invasion-incursion from the northeast decline silk road-decrease land base empire-power shift to sea based Europe inept rulers Qing /Manchu Dynasty rulers from monchuria sought to maintain ethnic distinctiveness,no intermarriage but learn long bureacratic system, confucianism shift previous tributary system with nomadic group to conquest,used local officials to rule, don't seek to assimilate but respect mongolian Tibetan and Muslim cultures of Central Asia Central Asia incorporated into Russian/Chinese Empires, eliminated pastoral nomads as historical players Ottoman Empire best Empire for women (more freedom) Sunni majority of Muslim faith,Suleiman most powerful sultan Safavid Empire arose from struggles of rival turkic nomadic groups,safavids adopted the Shia's majority of Muslim faith Mughal Empire Akbar persued a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindu Princes and Hindu majority ,a blend of Hindu and Islamic Civilizations produced some of the world's finest architecture and art