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lobbyist individuals and groups that seek to influence members of Congress and legislation through lobbying filibuster refusing to surrender the floor during debate; a senator would use a filibuster to prevent a vote (only used in the Senate) pocket veto a dead bill because the president does not sign a bill within 10 days and Congress adjourns gerrymandering drawing district lines to achieve favorable political results for one political party Senate -Qualifications for Senator: 30 years old, citizen of the U.S. for 9 years (prior to becoming Senator), must be an inhabitant of the state in which they represent -Special Powers: hold trials of impeachment, approve treaties, approve appointments of Supreme Court Judges and other officials -President of the Senate= Vice President -President Pro-Tempore= "stand-in" President when V.P. is gone House of Representatives -Qualifications for Representative: 25 years old, citizen of the U.S. for 7 years (prior to becoming Representative), must be an inhabitant of the state in which they represent -Special Powers: any bill regarding taxes begins in the House, decides President of the U.S. if no candidate has received a majority vote in the Electoral College, calls for impeachment -Speaker of the House= Voice of the House (is of the majority party) committee permanent, or sometimes not permanent, groups within the Senate or House of Representatives that have jurisdiction over certain subjects; committees often hold public hearings to hear the opinions of the public on proposed legislation; committees can also appoint subcommittees cloture vote the means of stopping a filibuster; a vote of 60 members of the Senate can cut off a debate, causing the entire Senate to vote on a proposal veto override with 2/3 vote of present members of each house, the President's veto can be overridden, and a bill becomes a law interest groups interest groups consist of lobbyists (who engage in lobbying: the practice of trying to affect legislation through contact with legislators) President of the Senate The Vice President of the United States (Joe Biden) veto the President's act of not signing a bill into a law Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) gives Congress the power to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution public policy taken courses of action in response to a topic that has been enacted by a governement bill draft proposals of legislation Whip Minority and Majority Whips "crack the whip" on the Minority and Majority Leaders, making sure they are doing their jobs investigative power the ability to call for or search for evidence or testimony to whatever is deemed necessary by either the Senate or the House of Representatives PACs Political Action Committees; PACs raise and spend money to elect or defeat candidates Marbury vs. Madison The important idea surrounding this case is the Supreme Court's power of judicial review-the power to declare acts of the executive and legislative branches unconstitutional. lawmaking the Legislative Branch makes the laws (the Executive Branch enforces the laws; the Judicial branch interprets the laws)