| Term | Definition |
| Ore | a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profiatble to mine |
| Surface mining | cheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers |
| Humus | organic, dark material remaining, after decomposition by microorganisms |
| Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards |
| Illuviation | desposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B) |
| Loam | perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, clay |
| Volcanoes and Earthquakes occur | at plate boundaries (divergent - spreading, mid ocean ridges) (convergent - trenches) (transform - sliding, San Andreas) |
| Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act | requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land |
| madrid Protocol | Moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica |
| Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health |