1.
4 words: reason, hope, natural law, progress
2.
Adam Smith: scottish, vs montesqieu, "wealth of nations"
3.
andreas Vesalius: 1st autopsy, "fabric of the human body"
4.
Bayle: fought against dogmatism, superstiton for toleration, went against the "holy" david, "historical and crit. dic
5.
Condorcet: "progress of human mind" , 10 stages, most only get through 9th stage
6.
Fontelle: FRAS, "plurality of worlds" convo between aristcratic lady and her lover about cosmology
7.
Galen: liquid levels in body = sick, blood letting = better, 4 fluids
8.
Galileo Galilei: built the first telescope, proved planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas, "starry messenger"
9.
Holbach: German, atheist, "system of nature", everything is moving matter, we are machines, god is a thought
10.
Isaac Newton: discovered gravity, laws of motion, calculus
11.
Johannes Kepler: German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion, planets closer to sun move faster, elliptical orbits
12.
Joseph II of Austria: toleration patent of 1781, recognized catholicism but granted lutherism, calvinism,
13.
Kant: defined enlightenment as leaving elf caused impurities, "dare to know"
14.
Locke: "concerning human understanding", vs descarte, born with "Tabla Rosa"
15.
margaret Cavendash: Duchess of new castle, aristocratic, scientific debates, royal society
16.
Montesqieu: french, classical edu, "persian letters"vs church, republic, monarchy, despotism
17.
Nicholas Copernicus: catholic priest, mathmetician, Poland, Heliocentric(sun), vs. Ptolemy
18.
Paracelsus: vs. aristotle, burned galens books, star dust = sick
19.
Pascal: French, "pensees" to convert rationalist to cristianity
20.
Rene Descarte: French, Jesuit edu, "discourse on method", persuasive in 17th century, proof should be as sharp as mathematical proof
21.
Rousseau: "discourse on mankind"- primitive state, "social contract"- individual liberty w/ goverment authority
22.
Royal Society: chartered by Charles ll, this was the informal gathering of scientists who shared their ideas
23.
Spinoza: 1632-1677, excommunicated by jewish and christian community, thought good was part of you and you part of god
24.
Tycho Brahe: a Danish mathematician who worked as an astronomer for 20 years
25.
Voltaire: Paris, "Philosophical Letters.....", deep english admiration, jean calas trial
26.
William Harvey: english, cambridge,1602, "motion of the heart", Heart is a pump
27.
Wollstonecraft: Feminism! "rights of women"