Human Geo AP Mid-Term
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Created by:
liammurphy on January 9, 2012
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127 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Absolute/Site | A specific location. Ex: Latitude or Longitude. |
| Relative/Situation | Where a noun is found in a relation to another noun. Ex: It is along the riverside. |
| Sequent Occupance | Multiple Cultural Layer in one geographic location. Ex: Rome. |
| Arithmetic Density | The total number of people divided by the total land area. |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. |
| Agricultural Density | The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. |
| Dispersed/Scattered | Distribute or spread over a wide area, usually far apart. |
| Clustered/Agglomerated | a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. (Close together) |
| Absolute Distance | Exact measurement of the physical space between two place. |
| Relative Distance | Distance measured, not in linear terms such as miles or kilometers, but in terms such as cost and time. Ex: if there is a mountain in between the two destinations. |
| Distribution of Resources | The unequal existence of resources around the globe. |
| Environmental Determinism | The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development. |
| Possibilism | The environment can limit the human range, but humans have the ability to overcome the environment. |
| Toponym | A name given to a portion on Earth. |
| Physical Attributes of Natural Landscapes | Serve as natural barriers to humans. |
| Formal/Uniform Region | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics |
| Functional/Nodal Region | An area organized around a node or focal point. |
| Perceptual/Vernacular Region | A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity. Ex: South, Midwest and East Coast |
| Accessibility | The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place. |
| Connectivity | The property of being connected or the degree to which something has connections |
| Distance Decay | The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction. |
| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two place. |
| Time Space Compression | Through processes such as globalization (technology) time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced. |
| Azimuthal Map | Polar projection accurate direction and distance used for air navigation, usually distorts the pole. |
| Mercator Map | Distance true along the equator, and distortion is in areas and shapes. |
| Robinson Map | One of the most widely used; show most distances, sizes, and shapes accurately; distorted in areas around the edges of the map. |
| Distortion | Is what happens to these 4 things when the globe is flattened: 1. Shape 2. Distance 3. Relative Size 4. Direction |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) | Layers of the Earth in data based off of technology. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | Directions and Location is given from this system. |
| Latitude and Equator (Direction) | These thing are in the horizontal position on a map. |
| Longitude and Meridian (Direction) | These things are in the vertical position on a map. |
| Prime Meridian | Meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (Usually the Greenwich longitude in England) |
| Small Scale | Zoom Out = Large amount of area covered. Ex: Continent, Country, and Globe. |
| Large Scale | Zoom In = Small amount of area covered. Ex: City block, House, Directions. |
| Thematic Map | A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area. |
| Cartogram Map | A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map. |
| Dot Map | Information on a map displayed in dots. |
| Choropleth Map | Makes quantity and frequency distinctions between items through color. |
| Isoline Map | Information on a map displayed in lines. |
| Remote Sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. |
| Age Distribution | A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid. |
| Carrying Capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support. |
| MDC's/Core | Low NIR, Low CDR, Low fertility, High LEB, Low IMR. |
| LDC's/Core | High NIR, High CDR, High Fertility, Low LEB, High IMR. |
| Rate of Natural Increase | The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. |
| Standard of Living | A level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone. High in MDC's and Low in LDC's. |
| Malthus | An English economist who argued that human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; consequences will be war, famine & disease. |
| Boserup | Economist whos idea was that human growth stimulates agricultural intensification (Malthus upside-down). |
| Dependency Ratio | The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force. (workers v. nonworkers) |
| Diffusion of Fertility Control | The spread of birth control in an area or region on Earth. Which began in the United States and England (MDC's) Spreading to LDC's through soap operas and many other techniques of Globalization. |
| Globalization | The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world. |
| Doubling Time | The time required for a population to double in size. |
| Ecumene | The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. |
| Zero Population Growth | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. In stage 5 of Demographic Transition Model. |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. |
| J-Curve | Exponential growth shown through a graph. |
| S-Curve | Leveling off of an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow. (Logistic Growth). |
| Mortality Rates | Death per 1,000 people within a year in a country. |
| Fertility Rates | The average number of births per 1,000 people in the total population or the average number of children a woman would be expected to have. |
| Natality | The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area. |
| Neo-Malthusian | Theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food. |
| Overpopulation (explosion) | The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. |
| Underpopulation | It is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population. |
| Population Projections | The estimates of a future population's size, age, growth factor, or other characterists based on current data. (J and S Curves). |
| Activity Space | The space within which daily activity occurs. |
| Chain Migration | Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. (Chinese Boat People). |
| Cyclic Movement | Movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally. Ex: Going to work or Going to College. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. Ex: Switzerland and Horn of Africa. |
| Distance Decay in Migration | Weighs in with the decision to migrate leading many migrants to make a closer stop then they anticipated. |
| Gravity Model | A mathematical formula created by Ravenstein, that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other. |
| Internal Migration | Human movement within a nation-state. Ex: Going westward and southward movements in the US. (More in MDC's). |
| 1986 Immigration Act | This was a law made for immigrants that were already we in the US and were productive they were able to stay and free of punishment. This then increased the immigrant population. |
| Intervening obstacles | Any forces or factors that may limit human migratio. Ex: Mountains or Ocean (physical) and Religion or Language (cultural). |
| Step Migration | A migration in which an eventual long distance relocation is undertaken in stages as, for example, from farm to village to small town to city. |
| Refugee | An exile who flees for safety. To another country. |
| Displaced Person | One who has been driven from his home because of war or other turmoil. To another location within their own country. |
| Brain Drain | A depletion or loss of intellectual and technical personnel from your country, usually moved to United States or MDC. |
| Largest Documented and Undocumented Migrants to the US | Mexican immigrants. |
| Intraregional | A permanent movement within one region of a country. Ex: Midwest to Midwest |
| Interregional | Permanent movement from one region of the country to another. Ex: Midwest to East coast. |
| Rual --> Urban | Most popular form of intraregional migration. |
| Rual | Country or Suburb. |
| Urban | City. |
| Cultural Appropriation/ Acculturation | Process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit |
| Assimilation | Completely taking the customs of another culture. |
| Culture (What are the 3 things that make up culture) | 1. Values 2. Material Artifacts 3.Poliical Institutions |
| Hierarchal Expansion | A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by "trickling down" and skipping around from larger to smaller adopting units. |
| Contagious Expansion | Rapid widespread of an idea or custom throughout society. Ex: illness, WWW. |
| Relocation | The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. |
| Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin or hearth. |
| Time- Space Compression | Through processes such as globalization time is accelerated and the significance of space is reduced through many uses of technology. |
| Cultural Traits (Murdock's List) | Food Taboos, Gestures, Magic, Housing Ect... |
| Folk Culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. |
| Pop Culture | A heterogenous based society that share certain habits, ideas and traits. |
| Non-Material Culture | A society's ideas and beliefs, things that you can not touch or feel. |
| Architecture | Different housing styles based off of the location of the house depending on what perceptual region it lies near. |
| Folklore | The traditional beliefs, myths, tales, and practices of a people, transmitted orally. |
| Food Taboos | Jews= No pork, because they could't travel and they would carry diseases Muslims=No pork, because it could not live in dry land and it was unsanitary Hindus= No Beef, because needed them for labor and religion reasons (reincarnation). |
| Diffusion of English | Developed from a Germanic Branch and diffused through colonization and relocation. An important Lingua Franca language now. |
| Creole | A pidgin language that arises from contact between two other languages and has features of both and has become the native language of the group of a group of people. |
| Dialect | Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines, differing in vocabulary, syntax, punctuation, cadence and pace of speech. |
| Indo- European Languages | 1. Germanic 2.Romance 3.Indo-Irian 4.Balto-Slavic |
| Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. |
| 2 Most used Languages in the World | 1. English because it is an MDC. 2.Madarian, because of population. |
| Why do Languages Die? | Were not used, so they slowly diminish or it was replaced by a better known language or taken over by colonization. |
| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. |
| Linguistic Diversity | A variety of languages used in an area or country. |
| Monolingual | Using or knowing only one language. |
| Multilingual | Using or knowing more than one language. |
| Official Language | A language that is published, widely distributed and purposefully taught. |
| Universalizing Religions | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. 1. Christianity (most popular of all religions). 2.Islam (Spiritual hearth=Mecca). 3.Buddhism (non-evangelical, universalizing religion). |
| Ethnic Religions | focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures or actively seek converts. 1. Hinduism (most popular ethnic religion) 2. Judaism |
| Christianity in the World (US) | North= Lutheran, South=Baptist, West=Mormon, East= Protestant, Spain and Mexico=Catholicism. |
| Sunni | a follower of the majority branch of Islam, which feels that successors to Muhammad are to be chosen by the Muslim community and they are the larger population. |
| Shia/Shiite | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad and Minority of the two. |
| Theocracy | Government and Religion hand and hand. |
| Animist | A person who believes in animism and attaches souls or spirits to natural objects. |
| Fundamentalism | The interpretation of every word in the sacred texts as literal truth. |
| Secularism | An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education. |
| Burial Rites | Hinduism= Cremation. Jews= No cremation wanted. |
| Diaspora | The dispersion of the Jews outside Israel. |
| diaspora | The scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs. |
| Monotheism | Belief in 1 God. |
| Polytheism | The belief in 2 or more Gods. |
| Israel/Palestine Conflict | Fight between Jews and Muslims over homeland. Jews=Israelites Muslims=Palestinians |
| Horn of Africa Conflict | In Ethiopia, conflict between Muslims and Christians. |
| Anatolian Hearth Theory | Believed proto-indo language came from central modern day turkey and it is not widely accepted. |
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