| Term | Definition |
|---|
| King Clovis | a king of franks that became Christian. got support from romans living in his kingdom |
| Charels Martel | the most powerful mayor. united all of the frankish nobles. |
| Charlemagne | means "Charles the great." his kingdom became an empire based on conquests thatearned his name |
| Aachen | the new capital of charlegmane's empire |
| Scandinavia | the place where vikings came from |
| fjords | steep-sided valleys that are inlets of the seas |
| Otto I | a stronger king of germany. sent troops into italy to protect the pope |
| Holy roman empire | the name of Otto's empire |
| Gregory the great | Another name for Pope gregory I. wanted all of europe to become christian |
| missionaries | monks who wre sent to teach their religion |
| excommunicated | to exclude a person from church membership |
| concordat | an agreement between the pope andrule of a country |
| feudalism | where landowning nobles governed and protected the people in return for services |
| vassal | a noble who served a lord of a higher rank |
| fief | the grant to a vassal |
| knights | warriors in armor who fought on horseback |
| serfs | the peasents who did work for their lord in return for land |
| Venice | a city in italy built which had a large trading center |
| Flanders | a place which is now known a belgium; also a large trading city |
| guilds | buisness groups which included artisans and merchants |
| francis of assasi | person who founded the first order of fiars |
| mass | catholic worship service |
| heresy | religous beliefs that conflict with the church teachings |
| anti-semitism | hatred of jews |
| Bologna | where one of the first european universities was located |
| theology | the study of religion and god |
| scholasticism | a new way of thinking that changed the study of theology |
| Thomas Aquinas | scholasticism's greatest hero |
| vernacular | everyday language that included spanish, french, enlish, italian, and german |
| plague | a disease that is quickly spread in a large area |
| crecy | a place where the first battle of the hundred years war took place |
| Orleans | a place that joan of arc took over; also was a battle |
| joan of Arc | A peasent girl who turned out to be a great military leader |
| reconquista | means "reconquest." |
| Isabella of castile | a princess who married Ferinand of Aragon |
| Ferinand of Aragon | a prince who married Isabella of castile |
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