| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Fort Sumter | a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, sparking the Civil War |
| Border states | Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri; slave states that lay between the North and the South and did not join the Confederacy during the Civil War. |
| Winfield Scott | American general, he served as commander in the Mexican War and used a two-part strategy against the south in the Civil War. |
| Cotton diplomacy | Confederate effort to use the importance of southern cotton to Britain's textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War. |
| Thomas Stonewall Jackson | American Confederate general, he led the Shenandoah Valley campaign and fought with Lee in the Seven Days Battle. |
| First battle of Bull Run | the first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showed that the Civil War would not be won easily. |
| George B. McClellan | American army general put in charge of Union troops and later removed by Lincoln for failure to press Lee's Confederate troops in Richmond. |
| Robert E. Lee | American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead the Confederate Forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. |
| Seven Days Battle | a series of Civil War battles in which the confederate army successes forced the Union army to retreat from Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. |
| Second Battle of Bull Run | a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia. |
| Battle of Antietam | a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single- day battle in U.S military history. |
| Ironclads | a warship that is heavily armored with iron. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Eighteenth president of the United States, he received a field promotion to lieutenant general in charge of all Union forces after leading a successful battle. He accepted General Lee's surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War. |
| Battle of Shiloh | – a Civil War battle in Tennessee in which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi River valley. |
| David Farragut | American soldier, he was the first commissioned American admiral, and in the Civil War captured New Orleans, and maintained a blockade along the Gulf Coast against Confederate forces. |
| Siege of Vicksburg | the Union army's six-week blockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrender during the Civil War. |
| Emancipation | freeing of the slaves. |
| Emancipation Proclamation | an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863. |
| Contrabands | an escaped slave who joined the Union army during the Civil War. |
| 54th Massachusetts Infantry | American American Civil War regiment that Captured Fort Wagner in South Carolina. |
| Copperheads | a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War. |
| Habeas corpus | the constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment, |
| Clara Barton | Founder of the American Red Cross, she obtained and administered supplies and care of the Union soldiers during the American Civil War. |
| George G. Meade | American army officer, he served as a Union general at major Civil War battles. He forced back General Lee's Confederate army at Gettysburg but failed to obtain a decisive victory. |
| Battle of Gettysburg | a Union Civil War victory that turned the tide against the Confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. |
| George Pickett | American general in the Confederate army, he was famed for Pickett's Charge, a failed but heroic effort at Cemetery Ridge in the Battle of Gettysburg, often considered a turning point of the Civil War. |
| Picketts charge | a failed confederate attack during the Civil War led by general George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg. |
| Gettysburg Address | a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of the Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War. |
| Wilderness Campaign | – a series of battles between Union and Confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmond. |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | American Union army officer, his famous March to the Sea captured Atlanta, Georgia, marking an important turning point in the war. |
| Total war | a type of war in which an army destroys its opponents ability to fight by targeting civilian and economic as well was military resources. |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Virginia town where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War. |
| Monitor | the unions iron clad |
| Merimak | the confederates ironclad |
| Abraham Lincoln | Union president |
| Jefferson Davis | confederate president |
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