Chemistry Ch.1-3
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Created by:
bryanniebanck on January 10, 2012
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Description:
Midterm Set 1
Classes:
chemistry, JAF Exam Study Group
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 scientific method | a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating theories that are supported by data |
| observing | using the senses to obtain information |
| qualitative | descriptive |
| quantitative | numerical |
| system | a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation |
| hypothesis | testable statement |
| controls | experimental conditions that remain the same |
| variable | any condition that changes during an experiment |
| model | an explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related |
| theory | a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena |
| quantity | something that has magnitude, size, or amount |
| SI | International System of Units; system scientists use all over the world to communicate with each other |
| weight | a measure of the gravitational pull on matter |
| derived units | combinations of SI base units |
| volume | the amount of space occupied by an object |
| density | the ratio of mass to volume, or mass divided by volume |
| conversion factor | a ratio derived from the equality between two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other |
| dimensional analysis | a mathematical technique that allows you to use units to solve problems involving measurements |
| accuracy | refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured |
| precision | refers to the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way |
| percentage error | calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100 |
| significant figures | in a measurement consist of all the digits know with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated |
| scientific notation | number are written in the form M*10^n, where the factor M is a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10 and n is a whole number |
| directly proportional | when two quantities divide by each other to produce a constant value |
| inversely proportional | when two quantities multiply by each other to produce a constant value |
| atomic number | number of protons in the atom of an element, always a whole number |
| atomic mass | the mass, in atomic mass units (amu), of a single atom (mass of an atom at rest) |
| mass number | the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope |
| atomic weight | the average of the atomic masses of the isotopes of an element (average mass of all isotopes) |
| nuclear symbol | a symbol with the chemical symbol on the right and the mass number on top of the atomic number on the left side of the expression |
| relative abundance | percent of total amount |
| mass spectrometer | machine that collects electrons through a magnetic field and a detector plate |
| hyphen notation | uranium_235, carbon_14, hydrogen_1, etc. element name followed by mass number |
| atom | smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element |
| nucleon | protons and/or neutrons |
| proton | positive charge; in nucleus of atom; nucleon |
| neutron | neutral charge; in nucleus of atom; nucleon |
| electron | negative charge; orbits nucleus |
| isotope | atoms of the same element that have different masses; have a different amount of neutrons |
| ion | different charge from neutrality, either positive or negative |
| atomic mass unit | SI unit of measuring atoms |
| law of conservation of mass | states that mass is neither created or destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions or physical changes |
| law of definite proportions | the fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound |
| Dalton's Atomic Theory | explanation for the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions |
| law of multiple proportions | if two or more different compounds are composed of the same two elements, then the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole numbers |
| nuclear forces | these short range proton-neutron, proton-proton, and neutron-neutron forces that hold the nuclear particles together |
| nuclide | a general term for a specific isotope of an element |
| Thompson | created an atomic model with electrons and protons spread equally throughout |
| Rutherford | created an atomic model with protons gathered in the center and electrons someplace surrounding them |
| Bohr | created an atomic model with electrons having specific orbitals around the nucleus |
| chemistry | the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes , and the energy changes that accompany these processes |
| chemical | any substance that has a material composition |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| mass | the measure of the amount of matter in an object |
| volume | the amount of space something takes up |
| atom | smallest particle in an element |
| element | cannot be broken down into simpler means |
| compound | can be broken down into simpler means; two or more elements combined |
| intensive property | independent of the amount of matter in an object (ex. melting point, color, flow, density, hardness, temperature) |
| extensive property | dependent of the amount of matter in an object (ex. volume, mass, heat) |
| change of state | a physical change of a substance from one state to another |
| gas | no fixed volume or shape; free movement of molecules |
| liquid | fixed volume, no fixed shape; laws of movement for molecules |
| solid | fixed volume and shape; no movement for molecules |
| plasma | high-temperature, physical state of matter where atoms lose electrons, particles that make up atoms |
| distillation | watering down of something |
| filtration | separating particles from a liquid |
| centrifugation | separating a solid from a liquid |
| Physical chemistry | study of properties or changes of matter and the energy that is involved |
| Theoretical chemistry | use of math and technology to understand observations and make predictions |
| analytical chemistry | identification of material composition |
| biochemistry | study of substnaces and processes of living things |
| organic chemistry | study of carbon- containing compounds |
| inorganic chemistry | study of non-carbon compounds (organometallics) |
| mixture | two or more things mixed together |
| homogeneous mixture | looks the same throughout a mixture |
| heterogeneous mixture | different particles are visible in the mixture |
| solution | small particle that has no Tyndall Effect (transparent) , is homogeneous, is a solvent, and can be separated by boiling |
| colloid | medium particle that's Tyndall Effect scatters light (translucent), is heterogeneous, settles in a mixture slowly, and can be separated by centrifugation |
| suspension | large particle that's Tyndall Effect reflects light (reflector), is heterogeneous, settles in a mixture fast, and can be separated by filtering |
| Tyndall Effect | interaction with light and the result of this interaction |
| physical change | where something stays what it was before a chemical reaction |
| chemical change | where a reactant emerges as a different product after the chemical reaction |
| reactant | what goes in to a chemical reaction |
| product | what comes out of a chemical reaction |
| substance | pure substance (one); elements and compounds |
| purity | simpler substances, the better |
| Wavelength | measured peak to peak or lull to lull, this is the scattering of light or sound; can be dense or dispersed |
| Visible spectrum | What a human being can recognize with its senses (400<X<800 nanometers) |
| ultraviolet | X<400 nanometers; short wavelengths and very high density, leading to a high pitch in sound |
| ulfared | X>800 nanometers; long wavelengths and very low density; leading to a low pitch in sound |
| macrostructure | the visible things in the world; made up of microstructures |
| Natural sciences | consists of biological sciences, living matter, and physical sciences, nonliving matter |
| basic research | carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge |
| applied research | carried out for the sake of solving a problem |
| technological development | carried out for the sake of improving the quality of human life |
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