Anatomy Lab Quiz 1
About this set
Created by:
Swallex on January 11, 2012
Subjects:
Anatomy, Biology, Cell Structure
Description:
Terms not needed for Practicals, just for first exam
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52 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nucleus | The part of the cell containing DNA and RNA responsible for growth and reproduction |
| Nuclear membrane | Surrounds the nucleus and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. Functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down. |
| Free Ribosomes | Unattached to any membrane, site of synthesis of cytosolic and organellar proteins. |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| Golgi Apparatus | A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell |
| Centriole | Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division, located near the nuclear membrane. |
| Lysosome | Membrane-bound sac containing digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides therefore it digests old organelles and protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins. |
| Cytoplasm | The region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus |
| Plasma Membrane | Composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbs. selectively permeable barrier between the cell and its environment. Animal cells have cholesterol here, while plant cells don't. |
| Transport Vesicles | Transport proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus. |
| Secretory Vesicles | Transport Proteins from Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane for secretion. |
| Peroxisomes | Neutralize toxins produced by cellular metabolism or those taken in and degrades fatty acids. |
| Chromatin | Contains DNA within the nucleus |
| G1 phase | Prepares for DNA replication by beginning organelle and centriole replication. Variable in length. Conducts "regular" cellular activities. Called G0 if the cell never divides. |
| S phase | DNA replicates. Histones are synthesized. 6-8 hours. |
| G2 phase | Enzymes and other proteins needed for division are made. Centriole reproduction is finished. 2-5 hours. |
| Prophase | Longest in mitosis. Early prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, centrioles separate, microtubules are formed. LAte prophase: Centrioles migrate to either end of the cell, nuclear membrane breaks and mitotic spindle is finished. |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up end-to-end along the equator of the cell to form the metaphase plate. Mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores (DNA-protein complexes on the centromere of the chromosomes) |
| Anaphase | Chromatid pairs separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell as mitotic spindles shorten. |
| Telophase | Nuclear membranes form around each new set of chromosomes, nucleolus develops in each, chromosomes unravel and the microtubular spindle disappears. Cytokinesis is the actual splitting of the two cells |
| Passive Transport | Don't require cellular energy(ATP) but are driven by molecular motion (kinetic energy) and the movement along concentration gradients from high concentration to low. Molecules can only move along the concentration gradient if the membrane is permeable to them. |
| Simple Diffusion | Passive Transport. Movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to low. |
| Osmosis | Passive Transport. Simple diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive Transport. Same as simple, but the transported compound must attach to a transport protein in the cell membrane. |
| Filtration | Passive Transport. Movement of substances along a pressure gradient |
| Active Transport | Require cellular energy (ATP) They are used to pass substances that are too large to pass through the membrane passively, aren't soluble in lipids, or are being transported against their concentration gradient. |
| Vesicular Transport | Movement of large macromolecules and particles in a vesicle across the membrane |
| Endocytosis | Large particles and macromolecules are transported into a cell. |
| Phagocytosis | Endocytosis of undissolved particles (bacteria, cell debris, large proteins) |
| Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of liquid droplets with dissolved solutes |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | The transported substance binds to a specific membrane receptor to come in. |
| Exocytosis | The secretion of a substance from a cell. |
| Parfocal | Property of microscope which allows objectives to be changed without having to refocus |
| Working Distance | Distance between the objective and the object being viewed |
| Field of View | The area visible through the microscope. As the power of the objective increases, it decreases. |
| Total Magnification | Eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification |
| Resolution | The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object |
| Nuclear pores | Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Integral Proteins | Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. |
| Peripheral proteins | Protein appendages loosely (and usually temporarily) bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer, often connected to integral proteins. Can be used in cell signaling. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with short chains of carbs covalently bonded to them; in eukaryotic cells they are important membrane proteins that allow cell-cell recognition and interaction |
| Glycolipids | Carbs covalently bound to lipids. In eukaryotes, found extracellularly and involved with cell-cell and tissue recognition, ex: ABO blood group markers, molecules which Make up 5% of membrane lipids. |
| Glycocalyx | Capsule made up of a fuzzy coat of sticky sugars, formed by the carbohydrate portions of the proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. Functions include lubrication and protection, anchoring and locomotion, specificity in binding, and recognition |
| Cytoskeleton | A microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence and help in cellular movement. |
| Factors affecting Diffusion | -Size of particles -Temperature of the system -Polarity of the substance being transported |
| Amphipathic | A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. |
| Tonicity | The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water. Also the elastic tension of living muscles, arteries, etc. that facilitate response to stimuli. |
| Crenation | In animal cells, shriveling of the cell due to water leaving the cell when the environment is hypertonic |
| Lysis | Dissolution or destruction of cells such as blood cells or bacteria, often in result of a hypotonic environment causing movement of water into the cell. |
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