What Kinds of Living Things Are There?
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97 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Virus | A nucleic acid wrapped in a coat of protein and a membranous envelope (pg. 181). |
| Capsid | A protein coat that encloses infectious particles that makes up viruses (pg. 200). |
| Bacteria | A domain that also consists of prokaryotes (pg. 320). |
| Archaea | A domain that consists of prokaryotes (pg. 320). |
| Extremophile | Love extreme environments (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Halophile | Salt lovers (pg. 325). |
| Thermophile | Heat lovers (pg. 325). |
| Methanogen | Live in anaerobic environments and five off methane as a waste product (pg. 325). |
| Peptidoglycan | A polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides (pg. 321). |
| Gram Negative/Gram Positive | A diverse group of bacteria with a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than that of gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive are less toxic than gram-negative bacteria (pg. 326). |
| Protists | Eukaryotes that aren't animals, plants, or fungi (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Plant-Like Protist | Called Algae or phytoplankton, can't swim against current, all are aquatic, "seaweed" and classified by pigments (Red, brown, and green) (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Animal-Like Protist | Called protozoa, single cellular, classified by means of locomotion (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Protozoa | Protists that are heterotrophic and eat bacteria along with other protists (pg. 330). |
| Pseudopod | Temporary extensions of the cell (pg. 334). |
| Sarcodines | Protozoa that move by pseudopods (amoeboid movement) (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Ciliates | Protozoa that move with cilia (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Zoo Flagellates | Protozoa that move with flagella (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Sporozoan | Protozoa that do not have any means of movement, all parasites (Notes 12.15.11). |
| Red Algae | Algae that lives in the warm coastal waters of the tropics (pg. 336). |
| Brown Algae | Large, complex stramenopiles (pg. 334). |
| Green Algae | Are named for their grass-green chloroplasts (pg. 336). |
| Fungi | Have body structures and modes of reproduction unlike those of any other organisms (pg. 355). |
| Chitin | A structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans and fungi to build exoskeletons (pg. 39). |
| Hyphae | A typical fungus consists of threadlike filaments (pg. 355). |
| Mycelium | The feeding network formed my multiple hyphae (pg. 355). |
| Fruiting Body | Part of fungus that is most often observed, produces spores (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Plant | A kingdom under the domain Eukarya, that includes the phylums bryophyte, pterophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Shoot System | Made up of stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction (pg. 624). |
| Root System | Anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs and transports minerals and water, and it stores food (pg. 624). |
| Bryophyte | A plant that resemble other plants in having apical meristems and embryos that are retained on the parent plant, but they lack true roots and leaves (pg. 344). |
| Pterophyte | The phylum that is made up of ferns, need to live in water, vascular tissue (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Gymnosperm | A phylum in which the seed replaces the spore, sperm cells are now pollen grains, and the cones are major reproductive structures (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Angiosperm | Most diverse, flowering/fruiting plants (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Vascular Plant | A plant with xylem and phloem, including club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (pg. 344). |
| Seedless Vascular Plant | The informal collective name for lycophutes and pterophytes (pg. 345). |
| Xylem | A vascular tissue that includes dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots (pg. 342). |
| Phloem | A vascular tissue that consists entirely of living cells, distributes sugar throughout the plant (pg. 342). |
| Cone | A reproductive structure in conifers that bear pollen or ovules (pg. 348). |
| Flower | The seed-bearing part of a plant that consists of reproductive organs (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Dicot | Type of angiosperm with 2 cotyledons, netlike leaf veins, ringed vascular bundles, usually have taproot, floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Monocot | An angiosperm with one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, complex arrangement of vascular bundles, fibrous roots, and floral parts in multiples of three (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Animal | A kingdom under the domain Eukarya. There are endless animals that are part of this kingdom. Five examples are the: Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, and Arthropoda (Notes 12.19.11). |
| Anterior | The head of a bilaterally symmetrical animal (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Posterior | The rear of a bilaterally symmetrical animal (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Dorsal | The back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Ventral | The underside of a bilaterally symmetrical animal (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Asymmetry | A lack of symmetry (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Radial Symmetry | Symmetry in which multiple planes are passed through the central axis and it results in many equal parts (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Bilateral Symmetry | Symmetry in which one plane can be passed through a central axis and it results in left and right halves (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Cephalization | The concentration of sense organs at the anterior end, bilaterally symmetric animals go through this (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Invertebrate | An animal that lacks a backbone (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Vertebrate | A chordate animal with a backbone (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Porifera | The phylum that includes the sponges (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Filter Feeder | Takes in water, filters out edible bits, then expels the waste water (Notes 1.5.12). |
| Cnidarian | The phylum that includes jellyfish, hydras, corals, and anemones, radial symmetry, and they are classified by body form (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Gastrovascular Cavity | A single, large central cavity that is a site of digestion and it circulates fluid for the internal cells (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Polyp | A cnidarian body form that has a cylindrical body with tentacles projecting from one end (pg. 371). |
| Medusa | A type of cnidarian body form that moves freely throughout the water, are shaped like an umbrella with a fringe of tentacles around the lower edge (pg. 371). |
| Hydra | Has stalk like body with tentacles around its mouth (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Cnematocyst | The cells that are the defining feature of all cnidarians, has a hair trigger that releases a spring loaded harpoon, the harpoon penetrates layers of the prey and releases venom (Notes 1.6.12) |
| Annelid | The phylum that includes segmented worms, all have bilateral symmetry (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Segmentation | When a body is divided into several little parts (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Hermaphrodite | Having both male and female organs (Notes 1.6.11). |
| Mollusk | Soft-bodied animals that most of the time are protected by a hard shell (pg. 374). |
| Mantle | A fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell in mollusks such as clams and snails (pg. 374). |
| Bivalve | Have shells divided into two halves that are hinged together (pg. 375). |
| Gastropod | The largest group of mollusks and they are found in fresh and salt water as well as terrestrial environments (pg. 374). |
| Cephalopod | A member of the group of mollusks that includes squids and octopus (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Arthropod | The phylum that means jointed leg, includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans, determined by amount of legs and the way the organism breathes (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Exoskeleton | An external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages (pg. 378). |
| Crustacean | Arthropods that have 10 legs, they are all marine, and they get oxygen through their gills (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Insect | Arthropods who have six legs, some have wings (only invertebrates to fly), gets oxygen through tracheal tubes (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Arachnid | Arthropods with 8 legs, oxygen through book lungs or gills (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Echinoderm | The phylum that has bilateral symmetry and grows into radial as an adult, external digsters, omnivores, or herbivores. Starfish, Sea Anemone (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Hydrostatic Skeleton | The use of water pressure for support and movement (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Water Vascular System | Brings oxygen and food to internal cells and removes wastes (Notes 1.6.12). |
| Chordate | A member of the phylum chordate, animals that at some point during their development have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail (pg. 383). |
| Fish | A class in the phylum chordata that includes ray-finned and lobe-finned fish and sharks (pg. 393). |
| Scale | Hard, plate-like structure covering the body (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Lateral Line System | A row of sensory organs running along each side that are sensitive to changes in water pressure and can detect minor vibrations caused by animals swimming nearby (pg. 392). |
| Swim Bladder | A gas filled sac, that is a lung derivative that helps keep ray-finned fish buoyant (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Cartilagenous | Endoskeletons made of cartilage (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Ray-Finned Fish | Fish in which the skeleton is made of bone and the fins are supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays (pg. 393). |
| Lobe-Finned Fish | Fish with a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins (pg. 393). |
| Tetrapod | An animal that has four legs (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Amphibian | The class under chordate that has a larval stage and then goes through metamorphosis into adult, must remain in moist areas, must remain in water to reproduce (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Cloaca | The single opening in amphibians for wastes and reproduction (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Amniotic Egg | A shelled egg in which an embryo develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk (pg. 397). |
| Reptile | The class under chordate that includes snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles, have cloaca, ectothermic, keratinized scales, and they lay amniotic eggs on land. (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Bird | A member of the class Aves, are endothermic and they evolved from theropods (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Mammal | The class that includes humans, they are endothermic, they have hair, and the have mammary glands to produce milk (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Eutherian/Placental | Youth is nourished through placenta within mother, live born, fully developed (Notes 1.10.12). |
| Marsupial | A mammal that have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while attached to the mother's nipples (pg. 399). |
| Monotreme | Egg-laying mammals (pg. 399). |
| Ectotherm | Animals that absorb the external heat rather than generating their own (Cold-blooded) (pg. 397). |
| Endotherm | An animal that uses heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady body temperature (pg. 397). |
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