Biology
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Created by:
megieloo96 on January 11, 2012
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| cell wall! | strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| lipid bilayer | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| equilibrium | When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | (used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure |
| hypertonic | (of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution |
| hypotonic | (of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecules move through the protein channel instead of the cells membrane. will occur only when higher concentration of molecules on one side than other side. |
| chemical reaction | (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| activation energy | the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur |
| catalyst | (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts. speed up chemical reactions that take place. |
| substrates | the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions |
| monomers | small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers. makes energy |
| polymers | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers, Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are all large molecules called _____________. |
| carbohydrates | main source of energy for the body. also for structural purposes |
| monosaccharides | Single sugar molecules., The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars such as glucose and fructose. |
| polysaccharides | large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides, carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides. |
| lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. and are used to store energy. also for water proofing |
| nucleic acid | (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotid chains that are vital constituents of all living cells |
| nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, store and transmits genetic info |
| ribonucleic acids | RNA. has sugar called ribose |
| deoxyribonucleic acids | DNA. has sugar called deoxyribose |
| proteins | nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. help fight disease, used for structural purposes and allow chem. rxns, regulate rate of rxns |
| organelle | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
| cytoplasm | material between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell |
| chromatin | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. DNA is passed from generation to generation. |
| nucleolus! | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus. Assembly of ribosomes begins. |
| ribosomes | make proteins. RNA. found in cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum | site where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell |
| golgi apparatus!!! | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosomes | An organelle containing digestive enzymes. breakdowns lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by rest of cell. |
| vacuoles! | saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| mitochondria! | The organelles in which chemical energy stored in food is converted into compounds that are more convenient for cell to use |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| cytoskeleton | a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| cell theory | idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| eukaryotes | organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. (plants,animals,fungi,protists) |
| prokaryotes | single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. (bacteria) |
| unicellular | having or consisting of a single cell |
| multicellular | organisms composed of many cells |
| Centrioles! | help organize cell division. not found in plants |
| Robert Hooke | discovered cells, cytology |
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | This scientist looked in pond water and saw tiny organisms he called animalcules. |
| Matthias Schleiden | concluded that all plants are made up of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | concluded that all animals are made of cells |
| Rudolph Virchow | discovered that all cells come from pre-existing cells. completed cell theory |
| Lynn Margulis | said many cell parts were once single-celled orgenisms that merged into other cells (especially chloroplast and mitochondria) |
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