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period a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations group any number of entities (members) considered as a unit substance that which has mass and occupies space subatomic particle a particle that is less complex than an atom proton a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron neutron an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton electron an elementary particle with negative charge atom (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element nucleus a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction bond a connection that fastens things together molecule (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound ion a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) monatomic ion an ion formed from a single atom polyatomic ion a charged group of covalently bonded atoms cation a positively charged ion anion a negatively charged ion compound (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight ionic compound a compound that consists of positive and negative ions valence electron an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules shell ... electron-dot-structure consists of an element's symbol, representing the atomic nucleus and inner-level electrons, that is surrounded by dots, representing the atom's valence electrons ionize become converted into ions crystal an orderly, three-dimensional pattern of ions or atoms in a solid oxidation the process of oxidizing reduction the act of reducing complexity cathode a negatively charged electrode that is the source of electrons in an electrical device anode a positively charged electrode by which electrons leave an electrical device electronegativity (chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond convalent bond A chemical bond formed when when atoms share electrons single convalent bond a covalent bond in which only one pair of elctrons is shared double convalent bond ... triple convalent bond ... diatomic molecule a molecule consisting of two atoms polar molecule molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end nonpolar molecule molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends