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Direct democracy a form of government in which ordinary citizens have the power to govern republic A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting feudalism A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land manor the lords castle and land around it crusades a series of wars fought by christians to control the holy land cartier traveled for french and founded st lawrence river astolabe instrument that helped sailors determine their latitude while at sea. magellan first to sail the pacific renaissance time period with a great bust of learning and art lasalle completed the journey to the gulf of mexico. named louisianna middle ages a period where invasions and war were common. cortez wanted to win riches and glory. went to mexico and tried to conquer the Aztecs Vikings first to explore north america dias reached the southern tip of africa. paid by prince henry colony people who have styled somewhere else but are still uder the rule of their king turning point moment in history that makes a decisive chang balboa claimed the pacific ocean for spain crossed isthmus of panama hudson sailed on half moon into NY circumnavigate sail around the world columbian exchange global echange of goods and ideas northwest passage a waterway through or around north america protestant reformation a movement of protest against the catholic church. led by martin luthur New france first permanent french settlement champlain founded first permanent french settlement new netherlands dutch colonies around the area of new york. Dutch merchants had a good business sense. alliance an agreement between nations to aid and protect one another roanoke first english colony. john whitewent back for supplies and when he returned everyone was gone charter a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company jamestown colony in virginia. John Smith helped save this colony. set up rules and forced colonists to work for their food. representative government voters elect representatives to make laws for them Burgesses representatives to the HOB house of burgesses and assembly of representatives Magna carta said the king could not raise taxes without consulting with parliament parliament british congress established church the chosen religion persecution mistreatment of certain people because of their beliefs pilgrim a group of separatist who let england for religious freedom plymouth new settlement for the pilgrims mayflower compact framework of government for the pilgrims thanksgiving pilgrims brgan as a celebration of their harvest Puritans religious group who did not want to separate from the church but form a more reformed version. general court massachusetts government male church members elect representatives. fundamental orders a plan of government for connecticut limited government powers. religious tolerance freedom to follow your religion roger williams settled rhode island. believed in religious freedom government should have limited power and we should pay indians for their land. Anne hutchinson Puritan who spoke against the massachussets government and screwed herself when she said she spoke to god sabbath holy day of rest metacom led fight against settlers in new england chief of wannapog proprietary colony when the king gives land to one or more people in return for a yearly payment Royal colony colony that is under the strict control of the english crown patroon owner of huge estates quaker A religious group that believe all people are equal and are basically good. They feel that violence is always wrong, and refused to carry guns or fight. They also believe in solving all problems peacefully. william penn founded pennsylvania. the holy experiment model of religious freedom cash crop crops sold for money berkely and carteret split up NJ peter stuyevesant governor of new netherlands; harsh ruler with heavy taxes. had to surrender NY Mason Dixon Line divides the middle and southern colonies Act of toleration law that provided religious freedom for all christians Bacon's rebellion attacked because they were upset about the land agreement with the indians. debtor people who owe money they can't pay back slave sodes treated slaves not as humans lord baltimore proprietor of maryland James ogelthorpe founded georgia middle passage the passage of slave trading ships west across the atlantic ocean mercantiliam a nation becomes strong by keeping strict control over it's trade; economic theory export goods sent to markets outside a country import goods brought into a country navigation act regulated trade between england and the colonies triangular trade a three way trade involving slaves and other goods indentured servant someone who had there trip to the colonies paid in return for seven years of service Great awakening a religious movement that swept through the colonies apprentice someone who works for someone to learn their skills French and indian war Fighting over ohio river valley Fort Duquesne French built this fort just where washington wanted to build one fort necessity used as a makeshift fort by washinton during the F@I war Albany plan Plan to develop one government for the colonies plains of abraham a cliff of of the city of quebec Treaty of paris End of french and indian war Pontiacs war attack on british troops at fort detroit by the indians proclamation of 1763 Drew the imaginary line forbidding the colonists to settle west of the appalachians stamp act a tax on all legal documents and other papers petition a formal written request boycott to refuse to buy something repeal cancel boston massacre five colonists killed while protesting committee of correspondence a group of people who wrote letters to the other colonies to inform them about the things the lobsterbacks were doing Writs of assistance legal documents that allowed officer to inspect and search houses and ships without a reason townshend act taxed glass paint lead and tea tea act allowed the east india company to sell to the colonists so lower tax on englands tea. boston tea party Set up by sam adams and sons of liberty. demanded the sips to leave the harbor and when they didn't they dumped the tea into boston harbor intolerable acts in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses quebec act gave more freedoms to canada and pissed off the colonies 1st continental congress meeting colonial leaders in philadelphia; only georgia did not attend Militia an army of citizens who serve as soldiers during an emergency minutemen men prepared to fight at a minute's notice Battle of lexington ad concord caused the war against the colonies and england "the shot heard around the world" olive branch petition colonists sent this to the king to declare loyalty but asking him to repeal intolerable acts continental army set up by second continental congress. made GW the commander. Green mountain boys a band of vermonters led by ethan allen attacked fort ticonderoga to get cannons they could use patriots colonists who favored war against britian sons of liberty group of angry colonists who protested british policies bunker hill the bloodiest battle fought on breeds hill loyalist colonists who remain loyal to britian fort ticonderoga captured by GMB without a fight cavalry troops on horseback blockade keeping everything from entering another country mercenaries troops for hire common sense pamphlet by thomas paine telling the colonists it was OK to want to be independent mercenary soldier who fights for pay traitior a person who betrays his or her country preamble an introduction natural rights rights that belong to all people from birth THomas jefferson helped write the declaration of independence president of second continental congress R.H. Lee wrote a resolution in favor of independence siege a military blockade that forces another to surrender dissolve break secure protect deriving getting tyranny harsh and unjust government relinquish give up battle of LI 1400 americans killed in this battle battle of trenton GW attacked on christams morning to surprise the drunk british battle of saratoga turning point in the war cause france to help us burgoynes plan wanted howe to get control of the hudson river area battle of princeton GW lit fires to attract cornwallis valley forge long cold winter here for washington and his army nathan hale spy for washington Von Steuben trained washingtons men at valley forge handy betsy women blacksmith molly pitcher carried water to the soldiers in the battle john paul jones first luitennant commissioned to the navy deborah sampson dressed up as a man but it was discovered "he" was a women when she was injured battle of cow pens divided soldie guerrilla hit and run tactic yorktown whee cornwallis was forced to surrender ratified approved hessians soldiers for germany william prescot led troops in bunker hill ethan allen head of green mountain boys cabot wanted to find a shorter to asia but landed on novascotia and claimed it. ericson discovered iceland and greenland prince henry started a sailing school. goal was to find a water route to asia. paid others to go around africa vasco de gama sailed for prince henry. went around cape of good hope and opened trade routes to asia. amerigo vespucci sailed along norther coast of south america. america was named after him pissaro took over the incas ponce de león search for fountain of youth. didn't find it frobisher brought home fools gold