| Term | Definition |
|---|
| homeostasis | the maintenece of stable conditions in an internal environment |
| physiological systems | controlled by the nervous and endocrine system |
| regulation | requires information (set point, feedback information, and error signal/corrective suggesstions) |
| regulatory systems | obtain and process information, issue comands, contain sensors |
| sensors | provide feedback information thats compared with set point |
| negative feedback | causes effectors to reverse the influence that creates and error signal (returns back to set point) |
| positive feedback | amplifies a response and increases deviation from set point |
| epithelial tissue | sheets of closely packed cells; work for protection, exchange, adn secretion |
| connective tissue | sparse cells in extracellular matrix; binding and support of other tissues |
| muscle tissue | long cells-fibers-with contractile proteins; movement of body parts |
| nervous tissue | neurons with branching extensions; transmissions of nerve signals |
| squamous | epithelial tissue; airsacs |
| cuboidal | epithelial tissue; as tall as they are wide; kidney |
| columnar | epithelial tissue; taller than they are wide; intestines |
| cartilage | connective tissue; provides structural support adn is flexible (contains chondrocytes) |
| bone | connective tissue; provides support and is hardened by calcium phosphate deposition in the matrix |
| adipose tissue | connective tissue;includes adipose cells that form and store lipids |
| blood | connective tissue; consists of cells in a very liquid extracellular matrix called the blood plasma |
| neurons | nervous tissue; encode information as electrical impulses that travel over axons to their targets; chemical signals from these stimulate a responce in the target cells via receptor=>receptors |
| glia | nervous tissue; provide supports for neurons |
| tissues | perform special fuctions, numerous working together to make an organ |
| organ system | contains many organs, has many fuctions; connect the internal world to the external world |
| acclimize | what animals like fish do when the weather changes; done by expressing different isomers (isozymes) |
| isozymes | when these are optimized at different temperatures they can catalyze the same metabolic reactions |
| ectotherms | have external sources of heat |
| endotherms | regulate temperature by producing heal metabolicall or by actively loosing heat |
| heterotherms | can behave either as an ectotherm or and endotherm |
| differences between ectotherms and endotherms | resting metabolic rate, total energy expenditure when at rest, response to changes in environmental temperatures |
| behavorial regulation | used by ectotherms and endotherms to mantain body temp. (ex. moving into the sun) |
| ectotherm | an _________ will increase its metabolic rate to mantain its body temp in cold temperature |
| ways to reduce heat loss | smaller surface areas, thermal insulation (fur, feathers, fat), decreasing blood flow by constricting blood vessels |
| endocrine system | (system) controls body fuctions |
| skeletal/muscle systems | (system) support and move the body |
| circulatory system | (system) transports the food and oxygen |
| repiratory system | (system) absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide |
| integumentary system | (system) covers and protects the body |
| excretory system | (system) disposes of certain wastes |
| lymphatic/immune system | (system) protect the body from infection and cancer |
| reproductive system | (system) perpetuate the species |
| digestive system | (system) absorbs food |
| nervous | (n. system) controls the body fuctions |
| epidermis | skin layer; resists damage, decreases water loss, prevents microbe penetratino |
| dermis | skin layer; sensory information, synthesis of vitamin D, temperature regulation |
| nervous system | obtains sensory information, processes sensory information, sends commands to effector cells |
| effector cells | muscles controlled by the nervous system that carry out responses |
| neurons | cells specialized for carrying signals, the fuctional units of the nervous system |
| cell body | part of the neuron |
| axons/dendrites | parts of the neuron; extension fibers that conduct signals |
| myelin sheaths | enclose axons, form a cellular insulation, speed up signal transmission |
| stimulus | alters the permeability of a section of membranes, allows ions to pass through, changes the membrane's voltage |
| action-potential | a change in the membranes voltage (resting potential-maximum level-resting potential) |
| chemical synapses | sending (presynaptic) cell secrets a chemical signal (neurotransmitter), crosses the synaptic cleft, bind to the receptor on the surface recieving (postsynaptic) cell |
| neurotransmitter | chemical signal in chemical synapses; excite the receiving cells, inhibit the recieving cell's activity by decreasing its ability to develop action-potentials |
| CNS | brain and spinal chord; has fluid filled spaces in brain ventricles, cental spinal chord canals, surrounding the brain |
| PNS | nerves-cranial nerves and spinal nerves, ganglia |
| brainstem | coordinates and conducts information between brain centers; made of pons, medulla oblongata, the midbrain |
| midbrain | brainstem; contains centers for receipt and integration of sensorty information |
| pons | brainstem; regulates breathing centers in the medulla |
| medulla oblongata | brainstem; contains centers that control several fuctions including breathing, cardiovascular avtivity, swallowing, vomitting, and digestion |
| corpus callosum | provide communication between the right and left cerebral corticies |
| frontal lobe | speech, motor cortex |
| parietal lobe | speech, somatosensory cortex, reading, taste |
| temporal lobe | smell, hearing |
| occipital lobe | vison |
| forebrain | cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus |
| hindbrain | pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum |
| true | (t/f) hearing and equlibrium are closely asscioated to the ear |
| hearing | perception of a sound in the brain from the vibrations of air waves |
| hearing process | bones in middle ear trasmit vibrations to cochlea=>pressure waves in the cochlea=>cause another membrane to vibrate binding its hair cells=>bending depolarizes the membranes of special receptors and sends action-potentials to the brain via the auditory nerve |
| cornea | clear layer of the eye (1) |
| retina | contains photo receptors |
| lens | focuses the light on the retina |
| iris | regulates the size of the pupil |
| optic disk | a blind spot in the retina where the optic nerve attaches to the eye |
| rods | photoreceptor; light |
| cones | photoreceptor; color |
Combine with other sets
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