| Term | Definition |
|---|
| potlatch | a grand feast in which guests are invited to eat and receive gifts from the hosts |
| modes of consumption | the dominant pattern, in a culture, of using things up or spending resources in order to satisfy demands |
| modes of exchange | the dominant patter, in a culture, of transferring goods, services, and other items between and among people and groups |
| minimalism | a mode of consumption that emphasizes simplicity, is characterized by few and finite(limited) consumer demands, and involves an adequate and sustainable means to achieve them |
| consumerism | a mode of consumption in which people's demands are many and infinite and the means of satisfying them are insufficient and become depleted in the effort to satisfy these demands |
| balanced exchange | a system of transfers in which the goal is either immediate or eventual equality in value |
| unbalanced exchange | a system of transfers in which one party seeks to make a profit |
| generalized reciprocity | exchange involving the least conscious sense of interest in material gain or thought of what might be received in return |
| pure gift | something given with no expectation or thought of return |
| expected reciprocity | an exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services, usually between people roughly equal in social status |
| redistribution | a form of exchange that involves one person collecting goods or money from many members of a group who then, at a later time and at a public event, "returns" the pooled goods to everyone who contributed |
| market exchange | the buying and selling of commodities under competitive conditions in which the forces of supply and demand determine value |
| trade | the formalized exchange of one thing for another according to set standards of value |
| negative reciprocity | take advantage of another party (hard bargaining, cheating, or theft) |
| The World Bank | An international bank which provides loans to developing world countries for poverty reduction |
| what is the five central foci of world bank? | 1. capacity building-strengthening governments by training gov. officials 2.infrastructure creation-creation of legal and judicial structures that facilitate business 3.Strengthening of financial systems capable of supporting micro-credit to large corporate ventures 4. Combating corruption - effort to stamp out governmental corruption 5.Research, consultancy, and training - promotion of research and training (online, classroom, etc) for academics, students, government officials and NGOs |
| ascribed status | those qualities you were born with or into ex. Race, Gender, Physical Ability |
| achieved status | those qualities you gained through action ex. Professional titles, Educational Titles, Social Class |
| status | a person's position, or standing, in society |
| social class | a person's position in society in economic terms |
| meritocratic individualism | the belief that rewards go to those who deserve them |
| race | a construct that holds that people can be classified according to selected biological traits such as skin color and facial features |
| caste | System of stratification where membership in ranked subgroup ascribed at birth |
| international migration | movement within national and/or regional boundaries |
| international migration | movement of people across international boundaries |
| major receiving countries for migration | US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Argentina |
| transnational | movement back and forth from two or more nations |
| labor migrants | usually non-permanent residents who work for a specific period of time |
| Who are the main sending countries for labor migrants | Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka |
| Displaced Person | people forced to leave homes,communities, or countries and live else where |
| Refugees | displaced person as a result of persecution:ethniciity, religion, nationality, gender |
| Internally Displaced | people displaced from communities/homes but remain in same country |
| Institutional Migrants | People who move into new social institutions, either voluntarily or involuntarily |
| new immigrants | Refers to migrant stream since 1960s where, in U.S., changes made to Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 |
| globalization | scale of migration has increased leading to great diversity in sending/receiving countries |
| acceleration | pace has increased |
| feminization | the role of women in migration streams increasing, in some cases they are majority |
| kinship | idea of being related to another individual or group |
| unilineal descents | group whose members trace their descent from a common ancestor thru an accepted sequence of known linking antecedents |
| matrilineal status | women have higher status |
| patrilineal status | men have higher status |
| bilineal descent | Traces kinship from both parents |
| matrilineal descent | Kinship traced thru the female line exclusively |
| patrilineal descent | Kinship traced thru the male line |
| What are the four subfields of anthropology? | Biological, Archeological, Cultural, Linguistic |
| culture | Shared, learned behavior and ideas typically passed from one generation to next |
| ethnocentrism | judging other cultures by the standards of one's own culture rather than by the standards of that particular culture |
| fieldwork | research in the field, which is any place where people and culture are found |
| participant observation | basic fieldwork method in development anthropology that involves living in a culture for a long period of time while gathering data |
| ethnology | the study of particular topic in more than one culture using ethnographic material |
| ethnography | firsthand, detailed description of a living culture, based on personal observation |
| social stratification | hierarchical relationships between different groups as though they were arranged in layers or "strata." |
| ethnicity | a shared sense of identity among a group based on a heritage, language, or culture |
| caste | a ranked group, determined by birth, often linked to a particular occupation and to South Asian cultures |
| racialized thinking | insists that behavioral differences among people are biologically caused or inborn |
| Franz Boas | contributed to de-linking supposed inborn racial attributes from behavior. Culture, no biology is the key explanation for behavior. Thus "race" is not a biological reality; there is no way to divide the human population into "races" based on certain biological features. Yet social race and racism exists. The concept of "race" in many contexts has a social reality in terms of people's entitlements, status, and treatment. |
| racial classification | involve complicated systems of status classification |
| social class | category of people who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige |
| race | a classification of people into groups on the basis of supposedly homogeneous biological traits |
| kinship | a sense of being related to another person or persons through descent, sharing, or marriage |
| descent | a tracing of kinship relationships through parentage |
| lineage | lineal descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree. |
| unilineal descent | members traced their descent from a common ancestor through an accepted sequence of known linking antecedents |
| patrilineal descent | men have higher status |
| matrilineal descent | women have higher status |
| Bilineal descent | traces kinship from both parents |
| patrilocal | a kinship rule that defines preferred marital residence with a or near the groom's kin |
| matrilocal | kinship rule that defines preferred marital residence with or near the bride's kin |
| migration | movement of a person or people from one place to another |
| Immigrant | moving to another country |
| internal immigrant | population movement within state boundaries |
| international immigrant | Movement of people across international boundaries |
| xenophobia | fear and hatred of strangers or of anything that is strange or foreign |
| folk taxonomies | classification of the world which often include stereotypes and reflect specific cultural traditions and differ from society to society |
| Carolus Linaneous | father of the taxonomic system, labeled all humans homo sapiens into black, red, darkish, and white |
| Friedrich Blumenbach | made up five races, Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, Malaysian, American |
| entitlement | a culturally defined right to life-sustaining resources |
| acculturation | a form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture |
| assimilation | a form of culture change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured, and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity. |
| modernization | a model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and western secularism and processes including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility |
| rapid research method | fieldwork method designed for use in development anthropology that can yield relevant data in a short period of time |
| social capital | the intangible resources existing in social ties, trust, and cooperation |
| diffusion | the spread of culture through contact |
| development | directed change to achieve improved human welfare |
Combine with other sets
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