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cornelius vanderbilt financer, shipping business jay gould financer, control of erie canal, caused financial panic when attempt to corner gold market j. pierpont morgan first billion dollar corporation william vanderbilt inherited railroad empire and doubled it andrew carnegie endowed education, public libraries, research trusts john d. rockefeller standard oil company adam smith wealth of nation, lassiez faire herbert spencer applied theory of natural selection to people russel conwell acres of diamonds samuel f. b. morse telegraph alexander graham bell telephone thomas a. edison lightbult, phonograph, and others george westinghouse inventor and manufacturer horatio alger author of adventure stories david ricardo argues that laws of supple and demand should operate in a free market; iron law of wages terrence powderly leader of knights labor samuel gompers american federation of labor frederick law olmstead designed first suburb henry george progress and poverty edward bellamy looking backward