ALL APUSH Midterm Vocab Combined
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yizhexing on January 13, 2012
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from http://www.lcps.org/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/4773/apreview.pdf
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Pretty Little Studiers, Honors U.S. History, tutor4u, SBHS Midterm Period 4 APUSH
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Mesoamerica | Early civilization based on sedentary agriculture and the cultivation of corn and food production. Cultures included the Olmec, Teotihuacan, the Maya, and the Aztec. |
| Great Biological Exchange | - Europeans and Native Americans exchanged animals, foods, and clothing |
| Line of Demarcation | - Line drawn by Alexander VI; gave Brazil to Portugal and the rest of S. America to Spain |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal |
| Lost colony of Roanoke | - English settlement in the Virginia Colony organized by Sir Walter Raleigh; abandoned the settlement or disappeared. |
| Virginia Company | English joint stock companies chartered by James I with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | Set-up the first representative government group in the American colonies. It was the elected lower house in the legislative assembly established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619. Over time, the name came to represent the entire official legislative body of the Colony of Virginia |
| William Bradford | was an English leader of the Separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts; primary architect of the Mayflower Compact |
| Mayflower Compact | - first governing document of Plymouth Colony; written by Pilgrims; declared that they agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth |
| John Winthrop | First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630; "City upon a hill" |
| "City on a hill" | John Winthrop's Puritan model society based on Christian principles |
| Salem witch trials | - Several accusations of witchcraft led to trials and hangings in Salem, Massachusetts; end to Winthrop's ideal society |
| Roger Williams | - He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. |
| Thomas Hooker | Puritan minister who led settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government. |
| Pequot War | - Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed |
| King Phillip's War | was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675-1676. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side known to the English as "King Philip." |
| Bacon's Rebellion | an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part. The uprising was a protest against Native American raids on the frontier. |
| New Amsterdam | a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. It later became the city now known as New York City. |
| Society of Friends | - a Christian religious movement, whose members are known as Friends or Quakers. The roots of this movement lie in 17th century English dissenters. Stressed personal inspiration as the source of faith and all action. |
| Maryland Toleration Act (1649) | )- Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians. Led to the granting of Religious Freedom |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639 | Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America. |
| Restoration Colonies | land grant in North America given by King Charles II of England, as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration; marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina |
| Dominion of New England | The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros |
| Jonathan Edwards | American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) |
| George Whitefield | - succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, major force in revivalism in England and America, journey to colonies sparked Great Awakening |
| Leisler's Rebellion | militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York during Britain's "Glorious Revolution"; reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored |
| Albany Plan of Union | early attempt at forming a union of the colonies during the French and Indian War. Colonies rejected it because they didn't want to surrender their authority. |
| Benjamin Franklin | Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father; respected in Europe; secured the French alliance that helped to make independence of the United States possible. |
| Treaty of Paris (1763)- | )- signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. |
| Antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. |
| Enumerated articles | Under the English navigation Acts, those commodities that could be shipped only to England or other English colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. |
| First Great Awakening | Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; its leaders were George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that all Protestant denominations were legitimate. |
| Great Migration | Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642. |
| Half-way Covenant | In 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members into a "half-way" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still could not vote or take communion. |
| Headright system | Method of attracting settlers to Virginia; after 1618, it gave fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony. |
| Indentured servants | individuals who sold their labor for a fixed number of years in return for passage to the colonies; usually young, unemployed men and could be sold. |
| Joint-stock company | The company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of overseas expeditions; colonies founded by joint-stock companies included Jamestown (Virginia Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company. |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy that held that the strength of a nation is based on the amount of gold and silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of trade and that colonies exist for the good of the mother country as a source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods |
| Middle passage | The sea route followed by slave traders from the west coast of Africa to the Western Hemisphere. |
| Proprietary colony | A colony founded as a grant of land by the king to an individual or group of individuals; Maryland (1634), Carolina (1663), and (1681). |
| Puritans | Dissenters who sought to "purify" the church of England from within and who initially populated much of New England. |
| Separatists | Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the Pilgrims were Separatists |
| Triangular trade | Trade pattern that developed in the colonies; New England shipped rum to the west coast of Africa in exchange for slaves that were sent to the West Indies for molasses that was sold in New England. |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | Native American uprising against the British because of mistreatment |
| Proclamation of 1763 | reduced tensions with Native Americans as a result of Pontiac's Rebellion; forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians; outraged colonists |
| Paxton Boys | Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachians that wanted protection from Indian attacks; marched on Philadelphia; influenced the Regulator Movement |
| North and South Carolina Regulators | organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government |
| Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania | - essays written by John Dickinson; acknowledged Parliament's power but said that the colonies were sovereign in their internal affairs; taxes for raising revenue were unconstitutional |
| Samuel Adams- | revolutionary resistance leader who headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts; involved in the Committees of Correspondence, the First and Second Continental Congress, and the signing of the DofI |
| Sons of Liberty | - radical political organization for colonial independence that was formed after the Stamp Act; rioted and burned customs houses |
| Gaspee incident | protest of the enforcement of Navigation Acts, residents of Rhode Island boarded Gaspee (Brit ship) and sank it, no trial in US - sent to England |
| Boston Massacre | British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts and killed five Bostonians |
| circular letter | - letters sent between colonies to keep underground groups informed of events in other colonies |
| Committees of Correspondence | First established in Boston in 1772, the committees became a way for the colonies to state and communicate their grievances against Great Britain. |
| Thomas Jefferson | Virginian, architect, author, second governor of Virginia, and third president. Wrote the Declaration of Independence |
| Patrick Henry | - revolutionary orator, statesman, and a member of the House of Burgesses; introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act; "Give me liberty or give me death" |
| Continental Association | Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods in order to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts |
| Lexington & Concord | Militia and Royal infantry fought in Lexington and the colonial troops withdrew; Concord was suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry. Paul Revere and William Dawes detected movement of British troops. |
| Ticonderoga | American troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British and gained 50 cannons; raised morale and made French join war |
| Olive Branch Petition | Pledge of loyalty to King George III but asked Britain to respect the rights/liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and remove British troops; George declared colonies in rebellion |
| Bunker Hill- | American post overlooking Boston allowed the Americans to contain General Gage and his troops and turn back British frontal assault; overrun when no more ammunition; strengthened American morale |
| Trenton and Princeton | British army settled for the winter; Washington crossed the Delaware river and successfully attacked on Christmas Eve; drove the British away when British reinforcements arrived |
| Oriskany | of the bloodiest battles in the Revolution; Loyalists and Native Americans fought against Patriots |
| Benedict Arnold | US general and traitor in the Revolution; plan to surrender West Point was foiled |
| Saratoga | British tried to split the colonies along the Hudson River, but failed to mobilize properly and surrendered; first great American victory and a turning point that brought French aid to the colonists |
| Treaty of Alliance (1778 ) | created a defensive alliance between France and the U.S. |
| Savannah | British captured this place and the Americans and French allies unsuccessfully attempted to retake it; second bloodiest battle of the Revolution |
| Yorktown | British under Cornwallis surrendered the war after a siege by American and French troops |
| General Cornwallis- | Led British forces during the American Revolution and surrendered at Yorktown |
| Treaty of Paris (1783)- | Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War. The U.S. was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. Britain recognized the US' independence and outlined its borders |
| western land claims- | seven of the 13 original states had claims to areas in the West, and these "landed" states had a great potential advantage over the six "landless" states |
| Land Ordinance of 1785-. | Congress organized the distribution of Western land into townships, and the sale of land provided federal revenue |
| Northwest Ordinance | created five states north of the Ohio River that would be admitted to the Union when free inhabitants reached 60,000; slavery not allowed. Set a precedent for how states could join the Union. |
| Shays' Rebellion | Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection during an economic recession; Boston army suppressed rebels |
| Robert Walpole | Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister; His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect. |
| Salutary neglect | British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II; relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government |
| Committees of Correspondence | First established in Boston in 1772, the committees became a way for the colonies to state and communicate their grievances against Great Britain. |
| Critical Period | Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation. |
| Direct tax | British-imposed tax directly on the colonies that was intended to raise revenue; the Stamp act was the first attempt by Parliament to impose this on the colonies. |
| Enlightenment | A European intellectual movement that stressed the use of human reason. |
| Indirect tax | A measure that ra ised revenue through the regulation of trade--the Sugar Act, for example. |
| Loyalists | Also known as Tories, the term refers to those Americans who remained loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution. |
| Natural rights | Those rights that the Enlightenment (and Jefferson's Declaration) saw as inherent for all humans and that government is not justified in violating. |
| Non-importation agreements | A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods. |
| Virtual representation | The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. |
| Whig ideology | Idea that concentrated power leads to corruption and tyranny; emphasis on balanced government where legislatures check the power of the executive. |
| Writs of Assistance | General search warrants employed by Britain in an effort to prevent smuggling in the American colonies. |
| "No taxation without representation" | The assertion that Great Britain had no right to tax the American colonies as long as they did not have their own representatives in the British Parliament. |
| Virginia Plan | plan of government in which states representatives in Congress based on their population |
| New Jersey Plan | proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote |
| Connecticut Compromise | Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators |
| 3/5 Compromise | - A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for |
| Federalists | - Led by Alexander Hamilton; believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing |
| Antifederalists | Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. (Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry) |
| Federalist Papers | Series of essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government; Written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay |
| Alexander Hamilton | United States statesman and leader of the Federalists, as the first Secretary of the Treasury, he established a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr |
| John Jay | - United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court |
| James Madison | - 4th President of the United States, member of the Continental Congress and rapporteur at the Constitutional Convention in 1776; helped frame the Bill of Rights |
| Bill of Rights | a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (first ten amendments |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | created the federal-court system |
| Department of War | - Executive department responsible for the operation and maintenance of the US Army |
| Department of State | executive department responsible for international relations of the United States |
| Department of Treasury | - The treasury of the United States federal government |
| Attorney General | head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States |
| Bank of the United States | - Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson thought it was un-constitutional. Nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. |
| Strict Construction | The principle that the national government is legally granted only those powers specifically delegated in the Constitution |
| protective tariff | a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition |
| Whiskey Rebellion | - farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem |
| Impressment | - British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service |
| Citizen Genet | French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England |
| Jay's Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley |
| Pinckney's Treaty | - established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. |
| XYZ Affair | a diplomatic episode that soured relations between France and the United States and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi War |
| John Adams | 2nd president of US; Federalist. Involved in XYZ affair |
| Democratic-Republicans | platform was at first to keep federalist from creating Monarchy; beliefs - power lies in congress, hate debt, cut army, abolish excise tax, cut federal projects, strict constructionist view of government, wanted treaties approved by the house; supporters - farmers from South and West |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | - four laws passed by the Federalist Congress: Naturalization Act Alien Act, Alien Enemy Act, and Sedition Act |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | state had the right to declare a law unconstitutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts |
| Aaron Burr | United States politician who served as Vice President under Jefferson, he mortally wounded his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel and fled south (1756-1836) |
| Election of 1800- | Republican candidates Jefferson and Burr tie with 73 electoral votes each; goes to House of Representatives; Hamilton hated Burr more, went to House and got more votes for Jefferson; Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel. The tie led to the 12th Amendment. |
| Checks and Balances | System embodied in the Constitution through which the power of each branch of government is limited by the other; the President's authority to veto legislation and Congress's power to override that veto are examples. |
| Compact theory | The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority. |
| Confederation | A political system in which the central government is relatively weak and member states retain considerable sovereignty. |
| Enumerated powers | Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. |
| Factions | Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties. |
| Loose construction | Constitution is broadly interpreted, recognizing that it could not possibly anticipate all future developments; relies on the idea of implied powers and the "necessary and proper" clause. Both views on how to interpret the Constitution came up during the debate on chartering the Bank of the United States in 1791. |
| Separation of powers | The structure of the government provided for in the Constitution where authority is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; idea comes from Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws. |
| States rights | According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution. |
| Tariff | A tax on imports (also referred to a "duty), taxes on exports are banned by the Constitution. A "protective" tariff has rates high enough to discourage imports |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803 | ) First time an act of Congress is declared unconstitutional; established the principle of judicial review. |
| Fletcher v. Peck (1810 | First time a state law is declared unconstitutional; contract clause of the Constitution overrode state law. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) | Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce under commerce clause of the Constitution. |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices; goal was for federalists to dominate the judicial branch of government. |
| midnight judges | - The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration. |
| judicial review | review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition- | overland expedition undertaken by the United States to the Pacific coast and back |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | - act issued by Jefferson that forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. |
| Non-Intercourse Act | law that allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britain and France. |
| Henry Clay | United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states |
| John Calhoun | - First vice president during Jackson's presidency, staunchly pro-slavery vice-president, engineering the Compromise of 1850 and helping further split the nations |
| Nicholas Biddle | - president of the Bank of the United States; known for bribes and corruption |
| Daniel Webster | - Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 |
| Francis Scott Key | - wrote 'The Star-Spangled Banner' |
| Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans; the War of 1812 had already ended |
| Treaty of Ghent | - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo |
| Hartford Convention | Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed its complaints against the ruling Republican Party |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | treaty that demilitarized the Great Lakes and the boundary between the U.S. and British North America |
| factory system | system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency |
| National Road | - First national road building project funded by Congress |
| Erie Canal | - an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain |
| Monroe Doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers |
| Noah Webster | United States lexicographer (1758-1843), American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language. |
| Washington Irving | United States writer remembered for his stories (1783-1859), wrote Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, first American author recognized abroad |
| James Fenimore Cooper | - United States novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life |
| National-Republicans | - supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants |
| Trail of Tears- | - Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the journey. |
| spoils system | the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power |
| Maysville Road veto | Jackson vetoed building a road in Kentucky; strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. |
| Tariff of Abominations | - Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South |
| Webster-Hayne debate | - a famous debate regarding protectionist tariffs |
| Independent Treasury Act | - In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed. |
| American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. |
| Corrupt bargain | Refers to the Corrupt bargain claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives in 1824. |
| Embargo | An attempt to withhold good from export in order to influence the policies of the former purchasers. |
| Era of Good Feelings | Refers to the period after the War of 1812 during the presidency of James Monroe, when competition among political parties was at a low ebb. |
| Impressment | British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812. |
| Internal improvements | Included roads, canals, railroads; essentially, an internal transportation network that would bind the country together. |
| Judicial review | The right of the Supreme Court to declare a law passed by Congress unconstitutional; the principle was established in Marbury v. Madison, but was original sketched out in Hamilton's essay #78 in The Federalist Papers. |
| Kitchen cabinet | Informal group of friends who advised Jackson during his administration. Jackson believed that the "official" Cabinet's main function was to carry out his orders |
| Missouri Compromise | Compromise worked out by Henry Clay in 1820: slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of 36o30'; Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, Maine would enter the Union as a free state. |
| Monroe Doctrine | a United States policy that sought to insulate the Western Hemisphere from European intervention. |
| Nullification | The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress "null and void"; the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison's compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. |
| Pet banks | term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in1836. |
| Spoils system | Essentially, political patronage; public offices went to political supporters during Jackson's presidency. |
| War Hawks | Those nationalist members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. |
| Whig Party | a national political coalition formed to oppose the Jacksonian Democrats |
| Cotton gin | a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 |
| Nat Turner's rebellion | a group of slaves in Virginia unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow planter families |
| American Colonization Society | bought land in Africa for free blacks to move to (Liberia) |
| Elias Howe | inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers |
| Irish potato famine | The potato crops in Ireland became diseased and the Irish starved. Set off the immigration to the U.S. |
| Know-Nothing party | a nativist political movement empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants. The party called for restrictions on immigration and on naturalized citizenship. |
| Wilmot Proviso | banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future; included the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande. |
| Popular sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government |
| Free Soil party | Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. |
| Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty. Debated Lincoln for Democratic presidential nominee. Lost to Lincoln. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession |
| Fugitive Slave Law | laws that provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty | Treaty with Britain establishing the northeastern boundary of the U.S. |
| Mormons | church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT |
| Joseph Smith | religious leader who founded the Mormon Church |
| Brigham Young | American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States; founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory |
| Treaty of 1846 | Treaty between the United States and Great Britain that set the boundary of the Oregon Territory |
| Texas independence | American slave owners revolted against the Mexican government when they banned slavery. This created disputes over the land's ownership. |
| Mexican cession | region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War; slavery issue dominated politics |
| Gadsden Purchase | the purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States; It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad. |
| Edgar Allan Poe | - Romantic Movement writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Romantic Movement (dark) novelist and short story writer; wrote the Scarlett Letter |
| Herman Melville | American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels. |
| Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery |
| Walt Whitman | American poet between Transcendentalism and realism |
| Dorothea Dix | nurse and activist for the poor insane; created the first generation of American mental asylums |
| William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| Frederick Douglass | United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895) |
| Sarah Grimke | A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840; advocated for woman suffrage at the Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York |
| Lucretia Mott | A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848 |
| Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments | In the spirit of the declaration of Independence declared that all men and women are created equal. One resolution demanded the ballot for women. This meeting launched the modern women's rights movement. |
| Horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of the antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Dred Scott decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. |
| Abolition | A moral crusade to immediately end the system of human slavery in the United States |
| Civil disobedience | intentionally breaking or defying the law to call attention to what is believed to be evil or injustice. |
| Freeport Doctrine | The position on slavery taken by Stephen Douglas during the debates with Lincoln in 1858. Slavery could not exist if local legislation did not accept it. Douglas refused to say whether he believed slavery was right or wrong. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) | Created two new territories with slavery decided by popular sovereignty; it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise as it applied to slavery north of the Compromise line |
| Nativism | Response to the increased immigration in the 1840s, it reflected a fear that the United States was being taken over by foreigners. Nativism found a political expression in the American party, also known as the Know-Nothing party, which was founded in 1854 on a program of controlling immigration and requiring a longer naturalization period; the party was strongly anti-Catholic. |
| Popular sovereignty | Proposed by Senator Lewis Cass, it meant that the decision to permit slavery in a territory was up to the territorial legislature; it was incorporated into the Compromise of 1850 for New Mexico and Utah territories. |
| Romanticism | An intellectual movement that stressed emotion, sentiment, and individualism. A reaction to rationalism and the classical revival. |
| Transcendentalism | American expression of the Romantic movement that emphasized the limits of reason, individual freedom, and nature; best represented by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, the author of Walden and Civil Disobedience. |
| Bleeding Kansas | The virtual civil war that erupted in Kansas in 1856 between pro-slavery and free soilers as a consequence of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. |
| "Fifty-four forty or fight" | Political slogan of the Democrats in the election of 1844, which claimed fifty-four degrees, forty minutes as the boundary of the Oregon territory claimed by the United States. The Treaty of 1846 with Great Britain set the boundary at the forty-ninth parallel. |
| "Free soil" | The idea surfaced after the Mexican War that Congress had the authority to ban slavery in the newly acquired territories. It was embodied in the Wilmot Proviso. The advocates of "free soil" formed their own political party in 1848, and Martin Van Buren was their candidate for President. |
| Fort Sumter | Confederate bombardment and Union surrender that started the Civil War |
| Jefferson Davis | leader and president of the Confederacy during the Civil War |
| Anaconda Plan | Union strategy to blockade of the Southern ports and advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two |
| First Battle of Bull Run | first major land battle of the Civil War; Confederate victory |
| Antietam | first major battle in the Civil War to take place on Northern soil; bloodiest single-day battle in American history; tactical draw, but strategic Union victory |
| U. S. Grant | Union military leader during the Civil War; corrupt President after the war |
| Robert E. Lee | commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War |
| George McClellan | Union general; Peninsula Campaign to seize Richmond ended in failure, removed from command by President Lincoln |
| Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson | Confederate general under Robert E. Lee |
| Shiloh | major western battle; very bloody; Confederate attack but Union victory |
| Vicksburg | final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign; Union (Grant) seized the city and gained control of the Mississippi River |
| Monitor | Union ironclad that fought in the Battle of Hampton Roads |
| Merrimac | Confederate Ironclad that fought in the Battle of Hampton Roads |
| Sherman's March to the Sea | General Sherman led a campaign of total war across Georgia, inflicting damage to Southern industry and civilian property |
| Gettysburg | Union victory &turning point of the Civil War; Lee invaded the North, but was defeated by Meade |
| Chancellorsville | Confederacy (Lee) defeated a Union army twice its size |
| Appomattox | Lee surrendered to Grant at this court house |
| Matthew Brady | Irish-American photographer who documented the American Civil War |
| Morrill Land Grant Act | allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges |
| Pacific Railroad Act | called for the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific Ocean |
| National Bank Act | established national charters for banks and was used to fund the Union; not effective |
| Wade-Davis Bill | program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by Radical Republicans; required Confederate states to take the Ironclad oath before re-admittance to the Union |
| John Wilkes Booth | assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre |
| Thirteenth Amendment | amendment that abolished slavery |
| Fourteenth Amendment | amendment that ensured rights to citizens on the state level; removed the three-fifths clause; ensured that the US would not pay Confederate debt; ensured loyalty of Confederate legislators |
| Fifteenth Amendment | amendment that ensures that race cannot be used as criteria for voting |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | made everyone born in the U.S (previous slaves) full citizens |
| Andrew Johnson | President after Lincoln's assassination; presided over Civil War aftermath |
| Radical Republicans | opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for freedmen |
| Freedmen's Bureau | aided former slaves through education, health care, and employment |
| Reconstruction Acts (1867) | statutes dealing with Confederate readmission that were passed after the Civil War; vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress o Created five military districts in the seceded states o Required congressional approval for new state constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to rejoin the Union) o Confederate states give voting rights to all men. o All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th Amendment |
| tenant farms | southern farms in which blacks/poor whites would farm land owned by a landlord |
| Ku Klux Klan | tried to restore white supremacy during Radical Republican control of Reconstruction by threats and violence against blacks |
| Force Acts | helped protect the voting rights of African-Americans and limit the activities of the KKK |
| election of 1876 | one of the most disputed presidential elections; electoral votes awarded to Hayes in exchange for withdrawal of troops from the south |
| Samuel Tilden | Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876 |
| Black codes | Passed by state legislatures in 1865-1866; granted former slaves right to marry, sue, testify in court, and hold property but with significant qualifications. |
| Border states | Slave states--Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri--that remained loyal to the Union; the secession of these states would have considerably strengthened the South. |
| Carpetbaggers | Derogatory term for Northern Republicans who were involved in Southern politics during Radical Reconstruction. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Rutherford B. Hayes and other Republicans agreed that U. S. Troops would be withdrawn from the South, agreed to appoint a Southerner to the Cabinet, and pledged federal projects to the South in return for an end to Democratic opposition to official counting of the electoral votes for the disputed election of 1876. |
| Copperheads | Northern Democrats, also known as Peace Democrats, who opposed Lincoln's war policies and were concerned with the growth of presidential power. In the election of 1864, General George McClellan was nominated by the Democrats with their support. |
| Draft riots | Mob violence opposing conscription laws during the Civil War; the most violent occurred in New York City (July 1863). |
| Ex Parte Milligan (1866) | Supreme Court decision involving presidential war powers; civilians could not be tried in military courts in wartime when the federal courts were functioning. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | Agency created by Congress as the war ended to assist Civil War refugees and freed former slaves. |
| Ironclads | Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War |
| Presidential Reconstruction | Put forward by Andrew Johnson, it included repeal of ordinances of secession, repudiation of Confederate debts, and ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. By the end of 1865, only Texas had failed to meet these terms. |
| Radical Reconstruction | Provided for dividing states into military districts with military commanders to oversee voter registration that included adult African-American males for state conventions; state conventions to draft constitutions that provided for suffrage for black men; state legislatures to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. |
| Scalawags | Term used to describe Southern white Republicans who had opposed secession |
| Sharecropping | Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harvest. |
| "Ten-Percent Plan" | Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 1863) provided that new state government could be established in the South when ten percent of the qualified voters in 1860 took an oath of loyalty. |
| Comstock Lode | first major U.S. discovery of silver ore; mining camps thrived |
| Central Pacific Railroad | part of the first Transcontinental Railroad in North America (California to Utah) |
| Union Pacific Railroad | is the largest and oldest operating railroad network in the United States |
| Promontory Point | marks the point where the transcontinental railroad system was completed |
| Long drive | cowboys drove herds of cattle from Texas overland to railheads on the northern Plains |
| Joseph Glidden | American farmer who patented barbed wire |
| Great American Desert | the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America |
| Sand Creek massacre | Colorado Territory militia attacked a Cheyenne/Arapaho village during the Indian wars |
| Battle of the Little Bighorn | (Custer's Last Stand) battle between Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, led by Sitting Bull, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the US Army; Indians won |
| Nez Perce | Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States |
| Chief Joseph | chief of the Nez Perce during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly move them to a reservation in Idaho; for his principled resistance to the removal, he is as a humanitarian and peacemaker |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | wrote Ramona, a novel about the ill treatment of Native Americans in southern CA |
| Wounded Knee | the last armed conflict between the Great Sioux Nation and the United States of America and of the Indian Wars; 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides |
| Jim Crow Laws | mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status |
| 1883 Civil Rights Cases | ruled that Congress lacked the authority under Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal" |
| Thomas Edison | inventor of the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and practical electric light bulb |
| John D. Rockefeller | founded the Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it; created the trust |
| Standard Oil | predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company |
| Andrew Carnegie | founded Carnegie Steel Company; major industrialist |
| J. Pierpont Morgan | merged Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric; merged the Carnegie Steel Company and other steel/iron businesses to form the US Steel Corporation |
| Horatio Alger | wrote Ragged Dick |
| Horizontal & vertical combinations | ways of merging companies |
| Social Darwinism | applying the idea of natural selection to the human race |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies |
| National Labor Union | created by William H. Sylvis; endorsed the 8-hr-day movement, end of convict labor, establishment of a federal dept. of labor, banking reform, higher wages, and restricted immigration. |
| Knights of Labor | American mass labor organization; struggled and collapsed to the AFL |
| Terence Powderly | leader of the Knights of Labor |
| American Federation of Labor | labor union; more effective than Knights of Labor; used political tactics. |
| Samuel Gompers | founded the American Federation of Labor |
| Company town | a city in which much or all businesses are owned by a single company |
| Closed shop | form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to only hire union members, and employees must remain members of the union at all times in order to remain employed |
| The Grange | "Patrons of Husbandry"; organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political well-being |
| Long vs. Short haul | railroad rates over short or long distances; rate discrimination |
| Munn v. Illinois | allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads (growth of federal government regulation) |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | had the power to investigate railroad activities; created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland |
| Subtreasury plan | would allow easier credit for agriculture, thus breaking the power of the centralized eastern banks over farmers in the rural South and West |
| William Jennings Bryan | democratic party nominee, lost to McKinley. Advocated trust-busting, free silver. He was a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, an opponent of Darwinism, and one of the most prominent leaders of populism. |
| Spoils system | a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters |
| Merit system | process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job |
| Greenback party | was an American political party that supported paper money |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | established the United States Civil Service Commission; ended the spoils system |
| Grand Army of the Republic | organized advocacy group composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | instructed the Treasury to buy silver monthly and to issue Treasury notes equivalent to the cost of these purchases; slightly increased money supply and answered the money question |
| McKinley Tariff | raised tariff rates for imports and protected manufacturing |
| William Marcy Tweed | lead Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine |
| Social Gospel | movement that applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war |
| Salvation Army | attracted the poor with marching bands and lively preaching |
| YMCA | provided housing and recreation for country boys who had migrated to the city |
| Booker T. Washington | organized a black state vocational school for blacks to prove their economic value |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | American civil rights activist; wrote the Souls of Black Folk and demanded full racial equality |
| Haymarket Strike | strike in Chicago that turned violent killing 8 policemen and a number of civilians; Workers were striking for an 8 hour work day and better working conditions. |
| Homestead Strike | strike against the Carnegie Steel Company; workers lost and steel not unionized |
| Pullman Strike | employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages. Led by Eugene V. Debs, leader of the American Railway Union. |
| Dawes Act (1887) | Changed the reservation system by granting 160 acres and U. S. Citizenship to native American heads of families who agreed to give up their tribal allegiance. |
| Political machine | A vote-gathering organization of politicians who loyally support a party boss and get the votes to support their party's candidates by fulfilling needs and providing services to constituents. |
| Mugwumps | Reform Republicans who didn't support James Blaine, the candidate in the election of 1884 |
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