Head and Neck Clinical
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cricothyrotomy - through what ligament? | Median Cricothyroid Ligment |
| Thyroid Gland Enlargement is called | Goiter |
| Horner's Syndrome | Loss of SNS to one side of head 1. partial ptosis (tarsalis muscle) 2. miosis (papillary constriction) 3. anhydrosis (no sweating 4. vasodilation (flushing) |
| CN III Palsy, can't do what? | Can't adduct, elevate, depress during abduction. + pupilary dilation and ptosis |
| Stair Step Diplopia - what nerve? | CN IV - Trochlear Nerve, down and in. |
| Bell's Palsy, what nerve? What features? | CN VII. Muscles of facial expression are weak/paralyzed on one side of face. Decreased naso-labial fold, mouth 'down'. |
| "Stick out your tongue" | Action of the Genioglossus is to move the tongue toward the midline, tongue deviates toward the paralyzed side. |
| Herpes Zoster | Affected over the cutaneous distribution, unilaterally |
| "Danger area of the scalp" | Loose Connective Tissue |
| TMJ | Synovial, with meniscus strong lateral lig., has anterior tubercle to prevent dislocation, condyles over the articular eminence w pain |
| Tripod Fracture | Fracture of Zygomatic Arch |
| Corneal Reflex | Aff: V1 Eff: VII, orbicularis oculi |
| Accomodation Reflex | Aff: CN II Eff: CN III, parasympathetic |
| Blink Reflex | Aff: CN II Eff: CN VII |
| Facial Paralysis, not Bell's | Skull fracture, facial nerve laceration, post-surgical, parotid tumor, otitis media. |
| Deafness, ABC's | Asphyxia, Bacterial meningitis, Congenital perinatal infections, Defects of H&N, Elevated bilirubin, Family Hx, Gm birth wt |
| Otalgia | Earache. Referred pain from Tooth abscess, Cancer of tongue, Tonsilitis, Cancer of larynx, Otitis media, TMJ, Cervical spondylosis, Herpes Z |
| Middle Ear Infection | Tympanic membrane perforation, Taste alteration, Facial paralysis, Mastoiditis, Balance alteration, Meningitis, Temporal lobe abscess, Hearing alteration. (v3, 7, 9, 10) |
| Coloboma | Keyhole pupil. Failure of closure of retinal fissure. Defect in iris. |
| Retinal Detachment | Between neural and pigment layers. Congenital or due to trauma to eye. |
| Hyaloid vessels | Distal hyaloid vessels degenerates after 6th month, but sometimes remain. Floaters |
| Congenital Aniridia | Absence of Iris. Bad optic cup development. |
| Congenital Aphakia | No Lens. Poor formation of lens placode. |
| Congenital Cataract | White/opaque lens at birth. Rubella. |
| Micropthalmia | Small eye, arrested development. Rubella. |
| Anophthalmia | No eye, + eyelids. Other defects associated |
| Cryptophthalmos | Hidden eye - palpebral fissure development poor. Small/defective eye behind the skin. |
| External Meatal Plug | recanalization failure. External auditory meatus, 9th yr. full-size |
| Auditory Ossicles | Ear bones MIS, adult size at birth |
| Which part of the ear develops first? | Inner ear, from the otic pit/vesicle. |
| Congenital Deafness | Deaf Mutism. Can be genetic. Can be part of first arch syndrome or nerve |
| Rubella Infection | During 7-8 weeks may cause maldevelopment of spiral organ of corti of inner ear, deafness. |
| Crocodile Tears/Gustolacrimal Reflex | Unilateral & spontaneous tearing along with normal eating/salivation. With facial paralysis or misdirected regenerating nerve |
| Vasomotor Rhinitis | Idiopathic (no idea why). use nasal spray |
| Honeymoon Rhinitis | Nasal stufiness during sex. Side effect of sildenafil (viagra) bc erectile tissue is similar. may be hormonal |
| Gag Reflex | Aff: CN IX Eff: CN X |
| Cough Reflex | Aff: CN X Eff: CN X |
| Danger Zone of Face | Triangle formed by upper lip and nose, drains to cavernous sinus. thrombosis danger to CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI and ICA. |
| Hay Fever Ganglion | Ptergopalatine Ganglion (PT) |
| Lingual Thyroid | Can be at foramen cecum which is embryonic site of attachment to thyroglossal duct. |
| Sublingual Drug Administration | Absorption through veins, close to surface |
| Ankyloglossia | Tongue-tie. Short Frenulum. Speech, eating probs |
| Nasolacrimal groove development | Between maxillary & lateral nasal processes |
| Oblique Facial Cleft | Failure of maxillary process to fuse with lateral nasal process & medial nasal process on same side, open nasolacrimal duct. |
| Cleft Lower Lip | Failure of fusion of mandibular processes |
| Incisive Foramen | Between primary and secondary palate |
| Anterior Cleft Anomalies | Cleft upper lip and gum, failure of fusion between primary & secondary palate. |
| Posterior Cleft Anomalies | Failure of fusion between lateral palatine processes, behind incisive fossa - soft palate |
| Sinuses present at birth | Maxillary & Ethmoidal, small at birth |
| Natal Teeth | Breast-feeding discomfort, tongue lacerations, can be aspirated |
| Enamel Hypoplasia | Pitted or fissured, nutritional deficiency |
| Enamel Discoloration | Blue/black in erythroblastosis fetalis, yellow if tetracyclines taken when formed. |
| Branchial Cyst | Anterior to SCM. Failure of obliteration of cervical sinus. |
| Branchial Sinus | Cervical sinus and 2nd cleft (ext.) or pouch (int.) not obliterated |
| Branchial Fistula | Persistence of 2nd pouch & cleft. Opening into tonsillar sinus internally, between ICA and ECA externally. |
| Auricular Cyst/Sinus | Remnants of 1st groove or detached ectodermal folds, pit in front of ear/earlobe |
| Treacher-Collins Syndrome | Failure of neural crest migration to 1st arch. Micrognathia, 50% cleft palate, conductive hearing loss, malformed pinna, drooping of lateral eye, small zygoma. |
| Robin Sequence | Micrognathia/retrognathia (sm jaw w normal tongue)- glossoptosis (tongue in pharynx) leads to cleft palate. Feeding and respiratory problems. May outgrow. |
| DiGeorge Anomaly | Chromosome 22 (catch 22). Faulty migration of neural crest. Exposure to retinoids, EtOH, maternal diabetes mellitus. No Thymus. 3rd and 4th pouch derivates under-developed. |
| Larynx pathologies | Laryngitis (inflammation). Squamous cell carcinoma. Nodules (fr singing). Papilloma. |
| Obstructive Hydrocephalus | Overproduction of CSF, Obstruction in CSF flow |
| Communicating Hydrocephalus | Movement of CSF into venous system impaired (through loss of arachnoid granulations, subarachnoid hemorrhage) |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage | Rupture of artery/aneurysm, mostly fatal. Hypertension related. Severe headache, stiff-neck. |
| Extradural/Epidural Hematoma | Arterial (fast bleed, middle meningeal artery). Trauma, concussion leads to loss of consciousness followed by lucid interval then drowsiness, coma. "lens, lentil shaped" |
| Subdural Hematoma | Venous (slow bleed). Superior cerebral vein related. Reason may be trivial, forgotten, contusion. No lucid interval post loss of consciousness. "crescent shaped" |
| Subarachnoid Hematoma | Arterial (fast bleed, aneurysm, laceration), meningeal irritation, worst headache, stiff neck, loss of consciousness. "tree shaped" |
| Bone in CT | White |
| Fat in CT | Black |
| Fat & Bone in MRI | various shades of Grey |
| Folic Acid Supplements | Avoid Neural Tube defects |
| Microanencephaly/Exencephaly | Failure of rostral neuropore to close, alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum amniotic fl. |
| Cranium Bifidum | Defect in cranial vault, midline. |
| Meningocele | Protrusion of meninges + CSF |
| Meningoencephalocele | Protrusion of meninges + CSF + brain |
| Meningohydroencephalocele | Protrusion of meninges + CSF + brain + ventricle |
| Holoprosencephaly | 1:15,000 births, facial defects. Severe, fatal. No cleavage of the forebrain. EtOH abuse during pregnancy. Cyclop (one eye). |
| Hyoptelorism | Distance between eyes is reduced |
| Arnold-Chiari Malformation | Cerebellum herniates into the foramen mag. Posterior cranial fossa is small, CN IX, X and XII may be stretched - speech, swallowing may be affected. |
| Microcephaly | Small brain resulting from genetics, maternal EtOH, maternal CMV or rubella, exposure to radiation. |
| Craniopharyngioma | Tumor of remnant of anterior pituitary |
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