NASM-Basic Excercise Science 2011
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The Nervous System | It is a conglomeration of billions of cells forming nerves that are specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body |
| What are the three primary functions of the nervous system? | Sensory, Integrative, and Motor Function. |
| Sensory Function | The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment. |
| Integrative Function | The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making and produce the appropriate response. |
| Motor Function | The neuromuscular response to the sensory information, such as causing the muscle to initially contract when stretched. |
| The Neuron | The functional unit of the nervous system. |
| Cell Body, Axon, and Dendrites. | The three main parts of the neuron. |
| Sensory, Interneurons, Motor | The three main functional classifications of neurons. |
| Sensory Neurons | Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
| Interneurons | Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. |
| Motor Neurons | Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands. |
| Central Nervous System | Consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Serves mainly to interpret information. |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Consists of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and sensory receptors. |
| Two Functions of Peripheral Nerves | 1. They provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different effector sites such as muscles. 2. Relay information from the effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors providing a constant update on the relationship between body and environment. |
| Sensory Receptors | Specialized structures that are designed to transform environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord can interpret and produce a response. |
| Mechano Receptors | Specialized structures that are responsible for sensing distortion in tissues. |
| Muscle Spindles | The major sensory organs of the muscle and sit parallel to the muscles fibers. They are sensitive to change in length and rate of length change. |
| Golgi Tendon Organs | At the point where the muscle and tendon meet and are sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of the tension change. |
| Kinetic Chain | Made up of three systems. The Muscular, Nervous and Skeletal systems. |
| The Skeletal System | A framework for our structure and movement. |
| Bones | Form junctions that are connected by muscles and connective tissue. |
| Joints | Sites where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction. |
| Axial Skeleton | Made up of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. 80 Bones. |
| Appendicular Skeleton | The upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles. 126 Bones. |
| Number of joints in the body | 300. |
| Bone Depressions | Flattened or indented portions of the bone that are attachment sites for the supraspinatus and infraspinatous muscles, respectively. |
| Bone Processes | Projections protruding from the bone to which muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach. |
| Arthrokinematics | Joint motion with three major motion types. Roll, slide and spin. |
| Classifications of Joints | Synovial and Nonsynovial. |
| Synovial | Comprising 80% of the joints in the body and are most associated with movement and have the greatest capacity for movement. (The Knee) |
| Nonsynovial | No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; Little or no movement. |
| Gliding Joint | No axis of rotation; Moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth. (Carpals of the hand) |
| Condloid Joint | Formed by fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane. (Knee) |
| Hinge | Uniaxial; moves in one plane of motion - sagittal (Elbow) |
| Saddle | One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes - sagittal frontal (Joint of the thumb) |
| Pivot | Only one axis; moves in one plane of motion - transverse (radioulnar) |
| Ball and Socket | Most mobile of joints; Moves in all three planes of motion (Shoulder) |
| Ligament | Made up of collagen and is the primary connective tissue for a joint. Connect bone to bone and provide static and dynamic stability. |
| The Muscular System | Muscles generate internal tension that, under the control of the nervous system, manipulates the bones of our body to produce movements. |
| Tendons | Structures that attach muscles to bone and provide the anchor from which the muscle can exert force. |
| The Epimysium | Layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle. |
| Sarcolemma | A plasma membrane that encases muscle fibers. |
| Sarcomere | The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin. |
| Neural Activation | The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation |
| Motor Unit | A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle. |
| Type 1 (slow twitch) | Muscle fiber with; -More Capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin -Increased Oxygen delivery -Smaller in size -Less force produced -Slow to fatigue |
| Type II (fast twitch) | Muscle Fiber: -Fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin -Decreased oxygen delivery -Larger in size -More force produced -Quick to fatigue |
| Four Muscle Types | - Agonist - Synergist - Stabilizer - Antagonist |
| Agonist | Muscles that are the primary movers in a joint motion. Also known as Prime Movers. |
| Antagonist | Muscles that act in direct opposition to agonists |
| Synergists | Muscles that assist Prime Movers (agonists) during functional movement patterns |
| Stabilizers | Muscles that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns. |
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