Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
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Created by:
rkrausejr77 on January 14, 2012
Subjects:
Human Anatomy and Physiology 1
Description:
Human Anatomy and Physiology Eighth Edition
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97 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomy | the study of structures and their relationships |
| Physiology | the study of how body parts function |
| Levels of Organization | Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal |
| Tissues | Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, Nervous |
| Organ Sytems | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive |
| Life Processes | Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction |
| Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions that transport energy |
| Two types of metabolism | Catabolism and Anabolism |
| Catabolism | large molecules broke down into small molecules to relase energy |
| Anabolism | small molecules build to form large molecules using energy from catabolism |
| ATP | stored energy |
| Responsiveness | ability to detect and respond to internal and external changes |
| Differentiation | change in function |
| Homeostasis | maintain stable internal environment within physical limits |
| Negative feedback | do something to stop something ex. temp control |
| Positive feedback | building on the same action, ex. child birth |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | back |
| Dorsal | back |
| Ventral | front |
| Medial | middle |
| Lateral | away from the middle |
| Superior | above |
| inferior | below |
| Distal | further away from the point of origin |
| Proximal | closer to the point of origin |
| Superficial | near the surface |
| Deep | away from the surface |
| Sagittal Plane | longitudinal, divides the body left and right |
| Transverse Plane | Cross, divides the body top and bottom aka superior and inferior |
| Frontal Plane | Coronal, divides the body front and back aka anterior and posterior |
| Oblique Plane | divides through the body at an angle |
| Dorsal Cavity | cavity consisting of the cranial and vertebral cavity |
| Ventral cavity | cavity consisting of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
| Thoracic Cavity (4) | L and R pleural cavities, Mediastinal cavity and Pericardial cavity |
| L and R Pleural Cavities | cavities of the lungs |
| Mediastinal Cavity | Cavity with the esohagus and trachea |
| Pericardial Cavity | Cavity of ther heart |
| Serous membranes | lines the cavities or covers the organs |
| Parietal membranes | lines the cavities |
| Visceral membranes | covers the organs |
| Pleura | lungs |
| pericardium | heart |
| peritoneum | abdominopelvic |
| Serous fluid | fluid filling the space in between the membranes |
| Quadrants | RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ |
| Nine Regions | R and L Hypochondriac, R and L Lumbar, R and L Iliac, Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric |
| Hydrophilic | Water loving phosphate |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing phosphate |
| Cell Structure | membranous, nucleus, cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Vessicles, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Perioxosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton |
| Function of membrane in cell | regulates the passage of subtstances, made of phospolipid bilayer |
| H2O, O2, CO2 | pass freely by diffusion |
| Diffusion | movement from higher concentration to lower concentration |
| Nucleus is made up of | phospholipid bilayer, Muclear envelope, DNA, Nucleolus |
| Nucleolus | Packed area of ribosomes (RNA) |
| Function of nucleus | DNA replication by mitosis, protein synthesis |
| Cytoplasm | area inside cell region containing organelles, provides medium for transport, provides pressure to keep cell expanded |
| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | function is lipid/fat synthesis |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | contains ribosomes on the outer membrane, continuous with the nuclear envelope, function is protein synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | membranous, function is repacking and distributing -proteins and lipids from vessicles pinches off secretory vessicles sending to proper destination |
| Lysosomes | contain a digestive enzyme that eat away at membrane to release proteins and lipids |
| Perioxisomes | Peroxide |
| Ribosomes | membranous, protein synthesis |
| Mitochondria | membranous, inner membrane is folded because it is bigger than outer membrane, site of cellular respiration, ATP production, Energy molecule of cell, has its own DNA can self replicate |
| Cytoskeleton | a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence |
| CIlia | Hairlike moves the environment |
| Flagella | whiplike, moves the cell |
| Centrioles | nonmembranous, found near the the nucleus, produce microtubules to form the mitotic spindle |
| Hypertonicity | higher concentration outside |
| Hypotonicity | lower concentration outside |
| Isotonicity | equal concentration |
| Passive transport | no energy required |
| Facilitated diffusion | uses a carrier molecule |
| Active transport | requires energy |
| Endocytosis | engulfing |
| Phagocytosis | engulfing solid |
| Pinocytosis | engulfing liquid |
| Atrophy | shrink smaller than normal |
| Hypertrophy | larger than normal |
| Adenine attaches to | Thymine |
| Guanine attaches to | Cytosine |
| DNA Helicase | unzips the nucleotide bond |
| DNA Ligase | repairs damaged DNA |
| How many pairs of chromosomes | 23 |
| Interphase | G1 S G2 Growth DNA replication preparation for mitosis |
| Early Prophase | Chromatin condenses froming chromosomes, froming the mitotic spindle |
| Late Prophase | nuclear envelope fragments |
| Metaphase | two centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, chromsomes cluster at the middle |
| Anaphase | Chromsomes split |
| Telophase | cell begin to split, frominga cleavage furrow |
| Transcription | involves the transfer of information froma a DNA's base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of an mRNA |
| Translation | takes a message in one language abd restates it in another |
| Mitosis | series of events that parcel out the replicated DNA of the mother cell to two daughter cells |
| Major Groups that cause disease | Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Parasites, proteins |
| Prokaryotes | have fimbriae, pilus, smaller ribosomes, endospores, DNA in nucleoid and plasmid, single circular chromosomes |
| Eukaryotes | Cilia, bigger ribosomes, cytoskeleton, many linear chromosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, have nucleus |
| Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Glycocalyx, Flagella, Cell Wall, Plasma membrane |
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