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intendant royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers and carried out policies balance of power distribution of military and economic power to prevent any one nation to dominate Europe perspective making distant objects smaller, look 3D humanism intellectual movement, focus on worldly issues vs. religious issues habeas corpus no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime coup d'état overthrow of government enlightened despot absolute monarch that is more concerned about people, makes social/economic reforms boyar land owning Russian noble cahier notebooks of grievances and complaints from bourgeoisie bourgeoisie middle class, top class of 3rd Estate in France laissez-faire allowing business to operate with little or no government interference physiocrat thinkers who focus on economic reform baroque paintings full of color and excitement rococo style of art, elegant and charming plebiscite ballot in which voters say yes or no during Napoleonic era guerrilla Spanish warfare, hit and run raids abdicate step down from power legitimacy restoring hereditary monarchies Zollerverein economic union that dismantled tariff barriers between German states Junkers Prussian social class consisting of conservative landowning nobles chancellor prime minister realpolitik realistic politics based on the needs of the state bundesrat upper legislative house elected by rulers of states for 2nd Reich in Germany reichstag lower house elected from all men for 2nd Reich in German reich German empire kaiser German emperor anarchist person who wants to abolish all government Fronde uprising where nobles, merchants, peasants and the urban poor rebelled against France Cavaliers supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War Roundheads supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War Levellers poor people who thought all people should have a say in government and Parliament Commonwealth time period between Charles I and II, during Cromwell's reign as Lord Protector Glorious Revolution bloodless overthrow when James II flees England at the arrival of Mary and William mercenaries soldiers for hire corvée unpaid labor to repair roads and bridges for peasants in France deficit spending government spending more money than it takes in suffrage the right to vote secular calendar non-religious calendar made in France during French Revolution, 1793 starts as "Year 1" electors German princes who select the Holy Roman emperor partition to divide up salon informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes and others exchanged ideas factions small groups