AP Euro Terms Sem. 1 Final Exam
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lanelane141 on January 15, 2012
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anabaptists | a faith believing that people needed to be rebaptized; believed in an inner light, pacifism and toleration; admitted women to ministry |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who believed in a geocentric universe with the Earth being orbited by crystal spheres and angels |
| Baroque | an art style that appealed to the senses with bright colors and that was closely linked to the Church trying to reignite passion in faith |
| Cardinal Richelieu | the head of the council of ministers under Marie d'Medici who sought to strengthen the power of the monarchy and curb the power of the nobles; leveled castles and rebellion attempts |
| Catherine the Great | a leader of Russia who rose to power by plotting against and killing her husband and who tried to Westernize Russia, reform on a domestic level, and expand territory; ruled during the "enlightened despots" period |
| Cervantes | the writer of Don Quixote that captured the Spanish inability to modernize in his book |
| Charles I | the king of England who ruled without Parliament and used methods to get money that many found illegal and whose power was limited by the Long Parliament; was eventually executed on a charge of high treason following the English civil war |
| Classical liberalism | the philosophy committed to the ideal of limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, and liberty of individuals including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets |
| Condorcet | a French aristocrat who made the Enlightenment ideal from hard-earned progress to a fanciful utopia |
| Cromwell | the dictator who ruled following the English civil war in the Protectorate and was highly unpopular |
| Decline of Spain | because silver from New World colonies lost value, had no middle class, agricultural crisis, weak government, and an inability to modernize |
| Descartes | a soldier who had an intellectual vision that linked geometry and algebra and came up with Cartesian dualism |
| Diderot | the editor of the Encyclopedia; helped to expand human knowledge of general thinking through the tough completion of the book |
| Edict of Nantes | (in France) a document of Henry IV that stated that French Protestants were guaranteed some rights, like religious tolerance |
| Elizabeth I | a Protestant queen of England who issued the Elizabethan Settlement, that demanded uniformity in church services and dignity but did not strictly enforce a religious code |
| Enclosure | a farming advance that included fencing in individual fields to increase food production |
| English Reformation | the changing of England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one because of Henry V's want to keep divorcing and remarrying |
| Erasmus | a Dutch humanist who believed that education is the key to reform and that Christianity is Christ's life itself, not the elaborate ceremonies of the Catholic Church; argued that people needed a Christian education |
| Francis Bacon | a scientist of the Scientific Revolution who developed a method of empiricism that called for evidence in coming to scientific conclusions |
| Frederick the Great of Prussia | the king of Prussia who suggested the division of Poland following the victories against the Turks and who seized Silesia from Austria, beginning the War of the Austrian Succession; "enlightened" monarch |
| General will | in a philosophy of Rousseau, the absolute reflection of the interests of the people that had to be interpreted by a ruler |
| German Peasants Revolt of 1524-1525 | because of oppression and bad social conditions, peasants rose up against the lords using Luther's philosophy as an excuse and killing their masters, until Luther finally turned against them |
| Glorious Revolution | the ascension to the throne of William and Mary without bloodshed, including the signing of a new constitution and the Bill of Rights |
| Hapsburg state | a dynasty that rose in the 1450s and that were powerful and influential for a long time and peaked in power in 1629 and was located in France, Spain and Austria at some point in history |
| Henry IV | the French Henry who emerged victorious form the War of the Three Henrys to become Henri le Grand, and promised a "chicken in every pot" and cared for the people |
| Henry VIII | the absolute ruler of England who ruled severely with the court of the Star Chamber and who formed the Anglican church to marry all he wanted |
| Humanism (northern vs. Italian) | the study of Latin classics to gain insights about life; Northern: more Christian-based; Italian: accepted pagan documents |
| Industrial Revolution | the movement towards industrialization in Europe led by Great Britain and that resulted in improvements in transportation and goods production |
| John Calvin | the founder of Calvinism, a type of severe Protestantism that had a model town in Geneva; spread his belief in predestination |
| Joseph II of Austria | an Enlightened despot that controlled the Church and granted religious toleration to peoples in Austria and abolished serfdom (following in his mother's reforming footsteps) |
| Louis XIV | an absolute monarch of France who achieved the cooperation of and suppressed the nobility and built Versailles and ruled with councils of state; heavily criticized |
| Machiavelli's The Prince | a book that stated that power was gained and maintained through brute military force |
| Maria Theresa of Austria | the mother of Joseph II who tried to limit the Church's power, strengthen bureaucracy, and fixing the tax system with the goal of strengthening Austria |
| Martin Luther | the founder of the Protestant Reformation and a critic of the early Church |
| Mercantilism | an economic system designed to maintain a favorable balance of trade to benefit the home country; enforced with high foreign tariffs on imported goods; emphasized self-sufficiency (for colonies) |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's system of law that stated that all male citizens were equal before the law and that wealth and property were secure |
| New farming methods in England | the enclosure system, drainage, water control, better plowing methods, and selective breeding of livestock |
| Newton | the scientist who developed a system to include astronomy and laws of physics and discovered the laws of universal gravitation |
| Ottoman capture of Constantinople | when the Turks took over marked the time when czars saw themselves as heirs to throne and to the leadership of the Church |
| Parlement of Paris | a French parliament that often checked the power of the kings and monitored his ability to levy taxes |
| Peace of Utrecht | the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession; represented the maintaining of the balance of power in Europe and ended the French expansionist policy |
| Peter the Great | the ruler of Russia who constantly fought in wars and increased the service requirements and commoners and tightened up the service system |
| Poland | a small country often broken up or conquered by other, larger ones (EX: after the War of the Spanish Succession, Poland was annexed by three different countries) |
| Political opponents of the Holy Roman Emperor | Protestants were common enemies of the HRE on a political scale, and opposing countries included: Spain, France, and other European nations |
| Politiques | moderate members of French society during the War of the Three Henrys who believed that France needed to remain as a whole and who ultimately saved the country (Henry IV was one) |
| Portugese exploration | begun by Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese began to fund trips and establish ports on foreign continents |
| Predestination | the belief that only some people are chosen before they die for the eternal joy of heaven, and the rest of the population will not get to go |
| Protestant Reformation for women | women were newly allowed to go to school, were valued as much as men, and were emphasized as wives and mothers |
| Reformation results | the Catholic church and the Protestant Church were newly opposing religious forces that would be in conflict for years to come |
| Renaissance | the steps and ideas that moved Italy forward with a new emphasis on human worth, beauty, and dignity and emphasis on classical Greco-Roman works |
| Rise of Austria | after the Thirty Year's War, the Austrian Habsburgs reestablished control over Bohemia and then Hungary, which had been dominated by the Turks, and collected an empire under the Pragmatic Sanction, stating that the lands could never be divided |
| Rise of Prussia | controlled the lands of Brandenburg, Prussia, and Rhine territories and took on a militaristic form to gain power through the consolidation of absolutism |
| Robespierre | the leader of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution who was mainly responsible for the Reign of Terror during its radical phase |
| Rousseau | an Enlightenment philosopher who committed his ideas to the protection of children and individual liberties and came up with the general will and popular sovereignty |
| Scientific Revolution | the new influx of scientific ideas with new emphasis on ideas, reasoning, and evidence |
| Soldier's King | Elector Frederick William I of Prussia, who had strong emotional attachments to the army and maintained a strong army to keep Prussia safe |
| Thirty Years' War | began with the Protestant Union vs. the Catholic League after the defenestration of Prague, and went through the Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and international phases and was resolved with the peace of Westphalia, that ended conflicts over religion; mostly fought in German states; France's main goal was to keep the Habsburgs from unifying their territories (to weaken the Habsburgs) |
| Thomas More's Utopia | a book that describes an idealistic utopia with the abolishment of personal property |
| Voltaire | an Enlightenment philosopher who popularized science and believed in monarchy and challenged the Church with a dietetic view of religion |
| Witchcraft | the belief that some women were in agreements with the devil to spread evil and discord throughout the world; were fiercely hunted by the Church for many years |
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