AP Euro Chapters 10
About this set
Created by:
cbrinster1 on January 15, 2012
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
83 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Burckhardt | argued that the Renaissance could have only begun in Italy, using the tern "geist". He also said that it was distinct to the Middle Ages. |
| Boccacio | author of the Decameron, which was aimed to impart wisdom of human character. It contained 100 often bawdy tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague is stinging social commentary and sympathetic view on human behavior. He also assembled an encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology. He was a student of Petrarch. |
| Salutati | succeeded to the leadership of the Florentine humanist movement after the death of Burckhardt and Boccacio |
| HRE Charles V | HRE who was at war with the french king Francis I over burgundian lands during the time of Humanism spreading in Italy |
| Guelf | propapal (for the pope) during the time that the HRE and the pope were arguing over power |
| Ghibelline | proimperial (for the HRE) during the time that the HRE and the pope were arguing over power. |
| major Italian city-states | -The Duchy of Milan -The Papal States -The Republics of Florence - The kingdom of Naples -The Republics of Venice They gained independence when Italy was unsure about who was their leader. (the pope or the HRE) |
| social classes | the nobles and merchants (who ruled the city), emerging newly rich merchant class (capitalists and bankers who challenged the nobles), middle burghers (shop owners who started to support the emerging middle class over the nobles), and the lower economic class that had little or no wealth at all. |
| despotisms | a family or particular groups that has informal complete control. (Medici in Florence) |
| Medici family | the most influential family in Florence. ( basically ruled the city-state). They were great patrons of the arts.) |
| Signoria | Florentine council of eight men that governed the city-state. These councilors were loyal to the Medici family. |
| podesta | a hired strongman whose purpose was to maintain law and order in the city-states to prevent corruption. He was given executive, military, and judicial power. |
| condottieri | military brokers that provided mercenary armies to the despots. |
| humanism | philosophy that stressed the dignity of man kind and championed individualism and secular values. Humanists always refer to original sources. |
| studia humanitatis | advocated by humanists. It was a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy. |
| Chrysoloras | a Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence between 1397 and 1403. Streamlined the study of classical languages and gave it systematic form |
| Petrarch | He was known to be the father of humanism. He spent most of his life in Avignon. He was considered to be the first modern writer, his writings were no longer subordinate to religion. He wrote many love sonnets. He claimed that the Middle Ages were the dark ages. He wrote in Italian. He taught the motto "its is better to will the good then to know the truth". He believed learning ennobled people. |
| Dante | His Vita Nuova, Divine Comedy, and Petrarch's sonnets were the cornerstone of Italian vernacular literature. |
| Quintilian | His education of the Orator became the basic classical guide for the humanist revision of the traditional curriculum. |
| Castiglione | His famous book of courtier illustrated that humanist knowledge was not confined to the classroom. This was written as a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino, it embodies the highest ideals of Italian Humanism. It explains that the successful courtier as one who knew how to integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history with athletic, military and musical skills while at the same time practicing manners and exhibiting a high moral character. |
| Christine de Pisan | the Italian born daughter of the physician and astrologer of the French king Charles V, she received as fine an education at the French court as anyone could have. She became expert in classical, French, and Italian languages and literature. She was married at 15 and widowed at 27 she turned to writing lyric poetry to support herself. She became well-known for her letter which were much read throughout the courts of Europe. Her famous work The Treasure of the City of ladies is a chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history. |
| Plantonism | the appeal of this lays in its flattering view of human nature. It distinguished between an eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived. |
| Picco della Mirandola | a strong Platonic influence can be seen in his Oration on the Dignity of Man, perhaps the most famous Renaissance statement on the nature of humankind. He wrote this as an introduction to a pretentious collection of 900 theses. |
| Lorenzo Valla | author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin philology the Elegances of the Latin language reveals the explosive character of the new learning. Although he was a good Catholic he became a hero to later Protestants. His popularity stemmed from his defense of predestination against the advocates of free will, and especially from his expose of the Donation of Constantine. |
| dignity of man | by Mirandola. Says humans have no limits. unlimited potential. Humanist belief. Humans have free will |
| Donation of Constantine | This was a fraudulent Roman imperial edict which was supposedly written by Constantine the Great. In this edict, the Pope was given the power of civil authority. Later on during the Renaissance period, this edict was proven to be fabricated |
| civic humanism | Education that should promote individual virtue and public service. Humanist leadership of the political culture of life |
| Machiavelli | Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." "it was better to be feared than to be loved" |
| Guicciardini | he was a humanist historian that adopted the vernacular and made contemporary history their primary source and subject matter |
| chiaroscuro | the use of dark and light colors to create the illusion of depth. More emotion was shown on human faces, the faces of the subjects expressed individual characteristics. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | He was the ideal "Renaissance Man"; he was a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and a scientist. He was the creator of the Mona Lisa which was considered one of the greatest masterpieces of art history. He developed the technique of sfumato. He also did the fresco painting of the Last Supper. |
| Michelangelo | An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, he sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time. |
| Raphael | he was a famous painter, created many "Madonna and Child" paintings. He also did the School of Athens a perfect example of humanism because it had the Greco-Roman architecture, Plato and Aristotle are in the center of the painting, and the sculptors are painted in contrapposto stance. |
| mannerism | a style of art in the mid to late 16th century that permitted artists to express their own manner or feeling in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art in the High Renaissance. Against Renaissance ideals. |
| Donatello | a famous sculptor during the Renaissance. His braze stature of David was the first since antiquity. He was the first Renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in sculpture. |
| Charles VIII of Italy | French King who was convinced by Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor", to invade Naples. This was the beginning of foreign invasions throughout the Italian peninsula. |
| Treaty of Lodi | the terms of this treaty brought Milian and Naples, long traditional enemies, into an alliance with Florence |
| Pope Alexander VI | probably the most corrupt pope who ever lived. he was selfish and put his family's power first. |
| Borgia family | A Valencian-Italian noble family of terrible (and mostly deserved) reputation, they featured importantly in renaissance Italian politics. Notable members of the family included Rodrigo, who went on to become Pope Alexander VI, and Ceasare, son of Rodrigo, and the inspiration for Machiavelli's "The Prince." |
| Pope Julius II | The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica. |
| Pope Leo X | began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church |
| Cesare Borgia | younger son of Pope Alexander VI, prototype of Niccolò Machiavelli's Prince —intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic |
| Spanish cortes | They make the laws in Spain and the same law would apply in the Philippines, only to benefit Spain more |
| French Estates General | French equivalent of the English Parliament and the Spanish Cortes |
| corregidores | royal officials of Spain who governed towns and set up law courts |
| taille | tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government |
| gabelle | Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances. |
| alcabala | a 10% sales tax on commercial transactions in Spain. This is an example of one of the ways monarchs could raise money by levying taxes on basic food and clothing |
| Mesta | a government backed by organization that ran farming industry. An example of developing centralized economic planning |
| Moriscos | muslims who converted to catholicism after the conquest of granada to avoid being exiled |
| conversos | Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized. |
| Cardinal de Cineros | exiled non-converting Moors in Granada. under him, Spanish spiritual life remained uniform and controlled. |
| Hundred Years War | the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. |
| War of the Roses | struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII |
| Edward IV | Son of the duke of York, he successfully seized power and instituted a strong-army rule that lasted more than twenty years. Briefly interrupted by Henry VI's short-lived restoration. |
| Richard III | (1452-1485, r. 1483-1485) House of York. He was made Duke of Gloucester in 1461 when his brother Edward IV deposed the Lancastrian king Henry VI, as part of the Wars of the Roses. Upon Edward's death in 1483, he served as regent to his nephew Edward V, but likely had the boy murdered in the Tower of London that year. Two years later, he died at the hands of Henry Tudor's Lancastrian forces at Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses and beginning the reign of Henry VII. |
| Henry VII | The first Tudor king of England, who was on the Lancaster side of the War of the Roses and won it in 1485 |
| Tudor dynasty | dynasty that ruled England as a result of the War of the Roses |
| Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806. |
| Golden Bull | Stated that the seven main princes of the Holy Roman Empire elected the emperor, and all princes had autonomy. It was issued by Charles IV in 1356 and stated the procedure for choosing and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire: the emperor had to be elected by the Seven Princes and approved by the Pope. |
| Reichstag | Assembly of the seven electors, non-electoral princes, and representatives from the 65 imperial free cities who constantly attacked the HRE. |
| Emperor Maximilian I | Joined with Venice and the Papal States to make the League of Venice. Joined with Julius, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Venice to form a Holy League. Divided conquered Burgundian lands with Louis XI, he got the better half |
| Northern Renaissance | More concerned with theology and personal morality, Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance |
| printing press | invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects |
| Johann Gutenberg | developed Printing Press and printed the Bible...books became cheaper, easier to produce and more available.. Humanist ideas spread easily and rapidly throughout Europe because of his printing press |
| Erasmus | Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther (1466-1536) |
| Agricola | father of german humanism. Spent ten years in Italy and introduced Italian learning to Germany when he returned. |
| Thomas More | He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437) |
| Lefevre | a biblical authority; a leader of the French humanism. His scholarly works exemplified the new critical scholarship and influenced Martin Luther. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince who sponsored the Protuguese exploration of the African coast. his main objective was the gold trade. |
| Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500) |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) |
| Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) |
| Vespucci | This was the man who first said that the Americas were completely separate from Asia, thus the continent was named after him |
| Magellan | This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world. explored in the service of Spain. |
| the New World | Name give to North America when it was discovered as a result of Spanish exploration. |
| encomienda system | priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory |
| Las Casas | A priest who spoke out against the mistreatment of native peoples under the care of the church. He persuaded Spain to pass laws in 1542 saying that native peoples must be paid for their work. |
| conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. |
| hacienda | a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries |
| repartimiento | A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor |
| debt peonage | a form of exploitation in Latin America in which free Indian laborers were required to purchase goods from the landowner, to whom they forever indebted |
| Titian | Greatest Renaissance painter in Venice, used vivid color and movement, which was the opposite of the subtle colors and static figures in Florentine paintings. Venetian school and Venus of Urbino |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.