| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Functions of nonverbal communication | creating impressions, managing interactions, expressing emotion, sending relational messages, providing information (deceiving), influencing and controlling |
| What is nonverbal packages | messages from various channels |
| What is functional view of nonverbal comm | focuses on the outcomes of the nonverbal behavior, the effects they have |
| Simulation | acting like you feel an emotion when no such emotion is present. |
| Inhibition (Neutralization) | giving the impression of having no feelings when one truly experiences emotion. Reverse of simulation. |
| Intensification | giving the appearance of having stronger feelings than one actually has. |
| Deintensification | giving the appearance of experiencing an emotion with less intensity than one actually is feeling. Similar to inhibition except with inhibition you show no emotion and with deintensification you show emotion but to a lesser degree. |
| Masking | communicating an emotion that is entirely different than the one a person is experiencing. This type of display rules occurs later in a person=s developmental cycle because it is easier to moderate an emotion (ex. Acting less angry than you actually feel) than it is to express an emotion entirely different than you feel (ex. Acting happy when you're really upset). |
| What are the 5 display rules | simulation, inhibition, intensification, deintensificiation, masking |
| Cues for happiness/joy | laughing, smiling, talking enthusiastically |
| Cues for pride | Standing upright or taller (look larger), celebratory gestures (high five), broad smile |
| Cues for anger | facial expression, angry tones of voice, breaking things, slamming doors, threatening gestures, staring |
| Cues for fear | screaming, crying, pleading, run/hide, freeze |
| Cues for depression | immobilization, solitude, dependent behavior |
| Cues for shame | face hiding, gaze aversion, face in one's hands, slouching, head lowering, |
| Cues for sadness | frowning facial expression, crying, whimpering, slouching, moping, monotone voice |
| Cues for anxiety | pauses in speech, remaining silent, decreased eye contact |
| Cues for embarrassment | reductions in eye contact, silly smiles, nervous laughter, blushing, head turns, head down positions, facial |
| What is the role of vocal cues | loudness, speed, amount (talkative/quiet) |
| How are emotions expressed | complex combinations; vocal, facial, activity, context, body |
| What are the more easily understood emotions | happiness, sadness, anger, fear |
| What are the 6 universal expressions | anger,disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise |
| univeral and innate tendencies to express emotion | emotions and their expressions had evolved across species and were evolutionarily adaptive, biologically innate, and universal across all humans |
| cultural display rules | we learn rules about how to modify and manage these expressions based on social circumstance |
| cultural decoding rules | we learn rules about how to manage our judgments of them |
| collectivists (in study) | this group of people attenuated their negative expressions and more often masked them with smiles when an experimenter was present more than individualists |
| individualism | stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only. |
| Collectivism | stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people's lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. |
| Power | typically refers to the ability to influence others to do what one wants |
| Status | one's position in society which generally contributes to power and dominance |
| Dominance | refers to one's relative position of power in relation to others |
| . | The suit is a symbol of dominance |
| . | The uniform is a certificate of legitimacy that commands obedience |
| . | a person's height and physical size are important components of power and status, "height is power" |
| . | People with power are more kinesically expansive in both standing and seated positions, relaxation is a power cue, closed arms is a power cue |
| . | higher-status persons have access to more territory and can more easily invade others' space than lower-status persons |
| . | Smiles are not seen as powerful and can be seen as submissive |
| . | A protruded jaw is a masculine dominance expression |
| . | A prolonged gaze is perceived to be dominant and powerful |
| . | We provide higher-status individuals with more personal space |
| . | Standing individuals maintained a more direct shoulder orientation to a high-staus addressee than to a low-status addressee. Body orientation is least direct toward woman with low status and most direct toward disliked men of high status |
| . | Touchers are perceived as more dominant than recipient |
| . | Vocal characteristics associated with higher social status include clearer articulation, sharper enunciation of consonants, and more vocal intonation. louder speaking, low pitch. voices with fast rate, high volume, low pitch, and full resonance carry the sound of authority |
| . | Power people talk more, hold the floor for a greater proportion of time, communicate more frequently, speak longer, interrupt more often, take their time in answering, decide when a meeting will take place, the length of the interaction, and how much time is devoted to each discussion topic |
| . | higher status people have flexibility over work schedule and have the ability to control the time of others |
| . | Top floors of high-ruse buildings are reserved for the executives, larger space and territory is power, they sit at the end seat at a table and have more privacy |
| . | communication devices and new technologies like blackberries and thin laptops are seen as powerful |
| . | bulky briefcases are a sign of low status, slim briefcases only contain vital papers. No briefcases symbolizes the most power |
| 45% to 60% | How accurately do people detect deception |
| many ah and non-ah speech disturbances, a high pitched voice, gaze aversion, less smiling, and mobility | What are the nonverbal deception cues of deception |
| . | Individuals who have a strong sense of public self-consciousness seem to be more credible, expressive people also exude credibility, introverts impress others as being less credible |
| . | well-dressed individuals are seen as more credible and men are slightly less credible than women |
| What is the control hypothesis | decievers know that their movements could betray deception, they try to inhibit their movements, resulting in a decrease of movements during deception |
| How accurate were detectives in the study | 49% accuracy rate; while 50% accuracy would be expected by chance |
| . | The detectives were very confident about their assessments and had definite ideas. They also had a high rate of agreement between them. They were also strongly influenced by the confederates clothing |
| smiling, stammering, fidgeting, vagueness, long pauses in speaking, and answers that seem too quick, too short, too long, or too elaborate | What cues to people think indicate lies |
| . | vocal pitch is a more dependable indicator than facial expression |
| discrepencies between two channels of communication, fleeting body movements or facial expressions, tone of voice, the body in general, and the face | What are the actual cues of deception "leaky channels" |
| a discrepency is the leakiest of channels because it involves two modes of communication that are hard to control simultaneously | How do discrepencies help detection? |
| . | unpremeditated lies are more easily detected than planned lies, because of the advantage of rehearsal gives. Planning a lie ahead of time makes the liar less likely to have to pause for words and more free to control tone of voice and other potential leaks. |
| . | women may be more polite than men in their decoding of nonverbal cues. women might be penalized more than men for being too perceptive at reading leaks, and so might learn to ignore them |
| pre-interaction deception process | even before an interaction begins, many factors are influencing the ways senders and receivers will think and act. These pre-interactional factors include sender and reciever goals, motivations, expectations, cognitive and emotional states, behavioral repertoires, and communication skills |
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