W.civ terms
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Created by:
brendan10211 on January 16, 2012
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88 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Prehistory | before man developed a system of writing |
| Culture | the way of life that a group of people follows |
| archaeology | the study of human life and culture by using artifacts and human remains to determine how people lived their lives |
| anthropology | the study of human life and culture by using artifacts and human remains to determine how people lived their lives |
| artifacts | the objects, such as tools, pottery, and weapons, that early man left behind |
| ethics | good conduct and moral behavior |
| polis | the greek term for a city-state, the polis became the central focus of Greek life |
| philosophy | organized system of thought, it comes from a term that meant love of wisdom to the greeks |
| arete | the struggle for excellence by a hero |
| ostracism | whereby undesirable politicians could be removed from office if 6000 people wrote their names on ostracons, and the idea of paying office holders in order to allow the poor to serve in public office |
| patricians | great landowners, who became rome's ruling class |
| plebeians | less wealthy landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers were part of a larger group |
| inflation | rise in prices corresponding with a decline in the value of money |
| vernacular | language of everyday speech in a particular region |
| crusades | military expeditions to retake the holy land from the enemies of the church |
| chivalry | the ideal of civilized behavior that devolved among the nobility; was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold |
| schism | a separation between the two great branches of Christianity that had not been completely healed today |
| guild | business association that regulated all aspects of a particular craft or business |
| hundred years war cause | the french king wanted to take control of Gascony, an english possession located in southwestern france |
| hundred years war effects | the french emerged victorious and with a strong sense of national pride, but had to rebuild since the entire war was fought on french soil; england lost and broke down into a civil war known as the war of the roses; feudalism ended for the most part due to the increased power of kings, especially to levy taxes; and an increase in the effectiveness of weapons, especially the first use of gunpowder in Europe |
| humanism | based on the study of the classics of greece and rome, this was the study of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, etc |
| reformation | a reform movement against the roman catholic church that began in 1517, it led to the term protestant |
| circumnavigate | go around |
| mercantilism | the prosperity of a nation depends on maintaining a large gold supply and in maintaining a favorable balance of trade |
| joint-stock company | a company in which shares were sold to investors in order to fund voyages of exploration |
| balance of trade | difference between what a country exports and imports - it becomes favorable if the country exports more |
| triangular slave trade | goods -> africa, slaves -> new world, raw materials -> europe |
| middle passage | slaves -> new world |
| balance of power | made it so that not one country gained too much power - england would always side with the weaker power |
| thirty years war main cause | a religious dispute that centered on the protestants in bohemia rebelling against the catholic Hapsburg family. |
| thirty years war second cause | France joined the war on the side of the Protestants in order to keep the Catholic Hapsburg family, which was supported by Spain, from getting too much power. |
| thirty years war effects | France became the leading power in Europe, the German countryside received widespread destruction, and that the Peace of Westphalia stated that German states could determine their own religion (a move that effectively ended the Holy Roman Empire |
| english civil war cause | power struggle between the king and Parliament, as well as religious issues involving the puritans - those who wished to purify the anglican church |
| natural rights | rights with which they were born |
| scientific method | a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence |
| social contract | society agrees to be guided by its general will |
| enlightenment | an 18th century intellectual movement which applied the scientific method to see if there were laws which governed human behavior. |
| seven years war | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. |
| reign of terror | the period from july of 1793 to july of 1794 where enemies of the revolution were tried and around 40,000 were executed |
| coup d'etat | a sudden overthrow of the government, usually by the millitary |
| congress of vienna | meeting of the european powers after the defeat of napolean which tried to restore order in europe |
| universal male suffrage | the right of all males to vote in elections |
| capital | money used to invest in business |
| entrepreneur | people willing to take the risk of starting a business in order to make money |
| industrial revolution | shift in an economy based on agriculture and handmade products to an economy based on manufacturing by machines in factories |
| realpolitik | the policy of realism - the right of a state to pursue its own advantage by any means necessary |
| capitalism | a free market economic system in which government has no role and where the consumers and producers make all of the economic decisions |
| laissez-faire | let the people do what they want |
| bourgeoisie | middle class and the controllers of the means of production; also known as the "haves" and the "oppressors" |
| proletariat | the working class; also known as the "have nots" or the "oppressed" |
| latin america | all lands south of the united states in the western hemisphere |
| treaty of Versailles | peace treaty between the allies and germany which resulted in the near elimination of the german army |
| armistice | temporary agreement to stop fighting |
| reparations | payment for war damages |
| mobilization | process of taking active steps to prepare for war by assembling troops and supplies |
| propaganda | ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause |
| Zimmerman telegram | the message to the german foreign minister in mexico in which the germans tried to get mexico to join the central powers |
| war of attrition | war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses |
| schlieffen plan | german plan created by general alfred von Schlieffen in 1894, it called for germany to attack france first and preform a holding action against russia, and for the attack on france to occur in an arc through belgium rather than in a direct attack along the french-german border |
| total war | all resources and people go into the war effort |
| five year plans | economic goals set for increased industrial production under Joesph Stalin |
| enabling act | act which allowed hitler to ignore the constitution for four years |
| nuremberg laws | laws which stripped the jews of their citizenship rights |
| neutrality acts | series of acts passed by congress in 1937 which prohibited the US from trading with any belligerent nation - any nation at war |
| lebensraum | living space |
| anschulss | the german occupation of austria |
| blitzkrieg | lightning war - the use of tanks and infantry supported by airplanes |
| sanctions | restrictions on the sale of certain goods with the intent to enforce international law |
| appeasement | the policy of satisfying the demands of a dissastisfied power in order to keep peace - or giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace |
| pearl harbor | base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war |
| stalingrad | this was the turning point in the war between the germans and the soviets, as a soviet counterattack encircled the german 6ht army and caused a massive surrender of german forces in early 1943 |
| holocaust | all of the events surrounding the attempt by the nazis to exterminate the jews in europe during world war two |
| hiroshima | site of the first atomic bomb drop on august 6, 1945 |
| cold war | the tensions based on the ideological differences between the US and the soviet union |
| Cuban missile crisis | the attempt by the soviet union to build nuclear missile sites in cuba from which they could launch attacks against the united states |
| iron curtain | descended across europe - the result of what came to be known as the cold war |
| arms race | build up of the weapons and armies of the soviet union and the US, but most particularly the build up of nuclear weapons |
| NATO | north atlantic treaty organization - this was a mutual defensive alliance formed in 1949 between the US and its allies around the northern atlantic ocean |
| marshall plan | $13 billion plan on the part of the united states to help rebuild europe |
| perestroika | this term refers to the restructuring of the soviet economy into a market economy by Mikhail Gorbachev, though he found that he had to restructure the political system as well |
| Organization of american states (OAS) | called for an end to millitary action by one state in the affairs of any other state |
| OPEC | arab oil producing states |
| intifada | uprising |
| great leap forward | Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years |
| tiananmen square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. |
| korean war | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. |
| vietnam war | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States |
| global economy | economic activity that crosses national borders |
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