World Regional Geography - Russia and Near Abroad, Ch 5
About this set
Created by:
thumpaholden Plus on January 16, 2012
Subjects:
World Regional Geography, Bruce Mitchell, Russia, Eastern Europe
Description:
Source in whole or in part from
Fundamentals of World Regional Geography, 2nd edition, by J. J. Hobbs;
and some of my own notes
Order by
61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 These productive soils found in steppe regions are among the world's more fertile. Also known as chestnut soils. | alfisol soils |
| Usually associated with the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, it refers to rival and potential enemy powers increasing their military arsenals—each in an open-ended effort to stay ahead of the other. | arms race |
| Self-rule, generally with reference to Palestinians' rights to run their own civil (and some security) affairs in portions of the West Bank and Gaza Strip allocated to them in the 1993 2000 peace agreements. | autonomy |
| The exchange of goods or services in the absence of cash. | barter |
| An important area of crop and livestock production spanning parts of Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Kazakhstan. The main soils of this belt are mollisols. | black-earth belt |
| In Marxist doctrine, the capitalist class. | bourgeoisie |
| Forests typical of middle-latitude areas with humid subtropical and humid continental climates. As cool fall temperatures set in, broadleaf trees shed their leaves and cease to grow, thus reducing water loss. They produce new foliage and grow vigorously during the hot, wet summer. | broadleaf deciduous forest |
| The site in the Ukraine where, in April 1986, the worst nuclear power plant accident in history occurred. It is thought that approximately 5,000 people died, and a zone with a 20-mile (32-km) radius is still virtually uninhabitable; 116,000 people were moved from the area, and cleanup continues to this day. | Chernobyl |
| A Russian term meaning black earth. It is a grassland soil that is exceptionally thick, productive, and durable. | chernozem |
| Productive soils typical of the Russian steppe and North American Great Plains. | chestnut soils |
| A large-scale farm in the former Soviet Union that usually incorporated several villages. Workers received shares of the income after the obligations of the collective had been met. | collective farm |
| A centrally planned economy typical of the Soviet Union and its Communist allies, in which the government rather than free enterprise determines the production, distribution, and sale of economic goods and services. | command economy |
| Goods that individuals acquire for short-term use. | consumer goods |
| The prepackaging of items into larger standardized containers for more efficient transport. | containerization |
| An economic organization, now disbanded, consisting of the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) |
| Russia's economic transformation in the early 1990s from a command economy to a free-market economy. Overseen by Boris Yeltsin, this transformation was difficult for a country accustomed to government direction in all economic matters, thus the shock. | economic shock therapy |
| Travel by people who want to both see and save the natural habitats remaining on earth. | ecotourism |
| Decomposed organic soil material. Grasslands characteristically provide more humus than forests do. | humus |
| Movement by an ethnic group in one country to revive or reinforce kindred ethnicity in another country—often in an effort to promote succession there. | irredentism |
| Thick, productive, and durable soils, such as the chernozem, whose fertility comes from abundant humus in the top layer. | mollisols |
| A political situation in which high cultural and ethnic homogeneity characterizes the political unit in which people live. | nation-state |
| Russia's name for the now-independent former republics, other than Russia, of the USSR. | near abroad |
| Areas of poor soil in cool, humid portions of the Slavic Coreland, suitable for cultivation of rye. | nonblack soil zone |
| Permanently frozen subsoil. | permafrost |
| Soil with a grayish, bleached appearance when plowed, lacking in well-decomposed organic matter, poorly structured, and very low in natural fertility. Podzols are the dominant soils of the taiga. | podzol |
| The effort, particularly under the Soviets, to implant Russian culture in non-Russian regions of the former Soviet Union and its Eastern European neighbors. | Russification |
| Any locale that people hold in reverence, such as places of worship, cemeteries, and battlefields. | sacred space (sacred place) |
| The wartime practice of destroying one's own assets to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. | scorched earth |
| The large area of the western former Soviet region containing most of the region's cities, industries, and cultivated lands. | Slavic coreland (fertile triangle or agricultural triangle) |
| Acidic soils that have a grayish, bleached appearance when plowed, lack well-decomposed organic matter, and are low in natural fertility. Also known as podzols. | spodosols |
| A type of collectivized state-owned agricultural unit in the former Soviet Union; workers receive cash wages in the same manner as industrial workers. | state farm (sovkhoz) |
| The black market typical of the former Soviet region and many LDCs. | underground economy |
| Steppe areas of Kazakhstan and Siberia brought into grain production in the 1950s. | virgin and idle lands (new lands) |
| In attempting to control water for the generation of electricity or a gravity flow irrigation project, it is essential to pond up water in relative quantity so that there is an adequate force—water-head—to achieve the desired goal. Dam structures are the most common engineering responses to this requirement. | waterhead |
| What is the traditional dividing line between European and Asiatic Russia? | Ural mountains |
| What are the principal biome types of Russia? | Desert, Prairie/Steppe, temperate mixed forest, coniferous forest, tundra, undifferentiated highland |
| What is permafrost? | Permanently frozen subsoil. |
| Where is the "black-earth belt" within Russia | Ukraine to Central Asia |
| What is the principal river system in the heart of Russia? | Volga |
| Who were the Rus? | Varangians, mixed Slavic and Viking people |
| Why is St. Petersburg known as the "Window on the West"? | Port stays open, access to European markets and influence |
| What is Russification? | Implanting Russian culture and favouring Russian people |
| What was the original name for the Russian Communists in 1917? | Bolsheviks |
| Why did collectivized agriculture cause so many problems for the Soviet state? | Peasants resisted it, production fell, persecution of kulaks |
| How did the Soviet command economy function? | 5 year plans, central control, no market demands considered |
| Why is Russia today considered a "misdeveloped" country? | Shock therapy economic reforms, underground economy, black marketing, corruption, oligarchs |
| What economic policy was followed by Boris Yeltsin after the dissolution of the USSR? | Command economy |
| What is meant by the term oligarch? How did they get their power? | Well placed few. They gained power through rigged auctions |
| When did the USSR dissolve? | 1991 |
| Who was in charge of the Soviet Union before it dissolved? | Gorbachev, perestroika (restructure), glasnost (openness) |
| Why is Chechnya such a problem in Russian affairs? | If they leave it may further weaken the Russian Federation |
| Which sectors of the economy did Vladimir Putin renationalize? | Energy (oil and gas) |
| What is GUAM and why was it formed? | Economic partnership between Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Loosen ties to Russia by promoting economic integration, democratic reform and increased orientation to Europe |
| Where are most of Russia's oil resources located? | Around the Caspian sea, Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan |
| What are the Central Asian Republics? | Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan |
| What are the Slavic Republics? | Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine |
| Which country retained control of the Soviet nuclear arsenal? | Russian Federation |
| Why is Ukraine separate from Russia? | Different culture, influenced by Latvia. More catholic |
| Where are the Caucuses Mountains? | Between black and Caspian seas |
| What is Pan-Turkism? | Shared culture, ethnicity and religion in central Asian countries |
| What are two major problems of Central Asia? | Drug trafficking and human trafficking |
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