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Mecca City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. Mohammed the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) Allah Muslim name for the one and only God Kaaba (Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine Khadija First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam. Muslims Followers of the religion of Islam Medina a city in western Saudi Arabia Hjira The date of Mohammad's flight to Medina. Islam the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life Five Pillars beliefs that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgrimage Mosque (Islam) a Muslim place of worship Muezzin the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day Ramadan (Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan Koran the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina Abraham the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac Caliph the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth Sunni a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad Shi'a the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad Ali the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites Husain Iraqi leader who waged war against Iran Twelvers Shi'ite sect that believes there are 12 Imams, and that the final one, the Mahdi, will come back Ashura Shi'a commemoration of the death of Husayn Twelfth Imam ????????????????? Safavid Dynasty began in the early 16th century, Shiite Muslim, rulers were Shahs, declined in 18th century Ottoman Empire a Muslim empire that lasted from the early 1400s until after WWI