| Term | Definition |
|---|
| The Illiad | It is Achilles' story - the gods intervene in human conflict |
| Aristotle | He linked morality with the golden mean- moderation between extremes |
| Sappho | Poet called the tenth muse by peers |
| Aeschylus | Increased actors from 1 to 2, criticized those in power, reinterpreted old myths, increased focus on burden of tragic choice |
| Euripedes | Often got into trouble with political leaders, skeptical approach to traditional myths, presented men as they are, popular with common people and intellectuals |
| Sophocles | Introduced 3rd actor, closely aligned with those in power, conventional religious values, presented men as they should be |
| Socrates | He is said to have said, "The unexamined life is not worth living." |
| Thespis | Legendary founder of Greek drama - created first actor (speaker separate from chorus) |
| Middle Comedies | These comedies reflect political changes in Athens after Peloponnesian War - most political commentary gone |
| Aristophanes | Great writer of Old Comedies—special dislike for politicians—special fondness for average citizen; plays moral but often obscene |
| Menander | Great writer of New Comedies—used stock characters—situational comedies concerned with ordinary happenings of contemporary life |
| Fates | These blind sisters controlled the destinies of mankind |
| Hubris | Exaggerated pride-holding oneself equal to the Gods |
| The muses | They helped inspire artists in nine categories of artistic endeavor |
| Furies | Born of bloodshed, they punished those who escaped public justice |
| Lucius Accius | Prolific writer of tragedies during Roman Republic, admired for ability to express Roman love of moral courage |
| Terence | All 6 of his plays (4 based on Menander originals) survive—refined language, subtle humor, complex story lines |
| Plautus | Wrote a lot, wrote fast—plays include puns, satire, parody, backchat, and slapstick humor |
| Seneca | Most important writer of the Roman Empire—wrote for private reading or recitation—gory violence |
| Auditory | Greek drama emphasized this sensory quality... |
| Visual | Roman drama emphasized this sensor quality... |
| Apollo | Greek Apollo is Roman... |
| Mars | Greek Ares is Roman... |
| Minerva | Greek Athena is Roman... |
| Venus | Greek Aphrodite is Roman... |
| Jupiter | Greek Zeus is Roman... |
| Ovid | Wrote Metamorphosis, a re-telling of Greek myths |
| Cato the Censor | Sour, cantankerous conservative who wrote and spoke against Hellenization of Rome |
| Vergil | Wrote The Aeneid, Rome's epic of the founding of the city |
| Cicero | Roman noted for his public addresses and philosophical tracts |
| Vernacular | In the language of the people rather than in some scholarly language such as Latin |
| 1066 | The year the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxtons at Hastings |
| Middle English | The result of years of mingling of the language of the Normans and the language of the Anglo-Saxons |
| Geoffry Chaucer | Wrote The Canterbury Tales |
| Dante | Wrote The Divine Comedy |
| Boccaccio | Wrote The Decameron |
| Vergil | Represented reason, unable to accompany Dante on final leg of journey |
| Beatrice | Represented Faith, guided Dante on final leg of Journey |
| Laura | Woman idealized by Petrarch and celebrated in his sonnets |
| Traitors | For what group were the lowest reaches of Hell reserved in Dante's great work? |
| Shakespeare | The greatest of the English dramatists |
| Moliere | The greatest of the French dramatists - plays often ridicule human foibles |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote La Madrogola, a well-crafted play populated by likeable rogues |
| Petrarch | Wrote a play entitled Philogia-he considered it a work of youthful foolishness |
| Castiglione | Wrote The Book of the Courtier |
| Cervantes | Wrote Don Quixote |
| Shakespeare | Wrote "The Dark Lady" sonnets |
| Sperezzatura | A combination of grace and nonchalance |
| Rousseau | Said "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." |
| Descartes | Said "Cogito ergo sum" |
| Voltaire | Reputed to have said, "I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." |
| Rousseau | Said "I felt before I thought" |
| Montesquieu | Wrote Spirit of the Laws |
| Diderot | Editor of the Encyclopedia |
| Deism | Belief that God created the world but does little to influence its ongoing natural processes |
| Relativism | Belief that good and bad are not universally true- that these qualities may differ from one society to another |
| Transcendentalism | Belief that matters of ultimate reality (God, Cosmos, the self) go beyond human experience |
| Mary Shelley | Wrote a monsster stoy that could be an allegory concerning serious questions about the rise of science |
| Edward Fitzgerald | Translated Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat into English in 1859 |
| Gibran | Wrote The Prophet (1923) |
| Burton | Translated A thousand and One Nights into English (1850) |
| Ahriman | Zoroastrian force of evil |
| Zoroastrian force of goodness and wisdom | Ahura Mazda |
| Countee Cullen | Poet who marveled that, "God would make a poet black and bid him sing." |
| Claude Mckay | Poet who wrote, "If we must die—let it not be like hogs hunted and penned..." |
| Dunbar | Countee Cullen acknowledged that this poet (who knew before Maya why the caged bird sings) prepared the way by "keeping his lips apart in jest to hide a heart that bled." |
| Faulkner | wrote the Sound and the Fury |
| Steinbeck | Wrote The Grapes of Wrath |
| Hemingway | Wrote For Whom the Bells Toll |
| Jack Kerouac | Wrote On the Road |
| Allen Ginsberg | Wrote Howl |
| Burroughs | wrote Junky and Naked Lunch |
| Ferlinghetti | wrote Constantly Risking Absurdity |
| Truth | Ferlinghetti indicates that the poet MUST achieve: |
| Beauty | Ferlinghetti indicates that the poet STRIVES to achieve |
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