| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Stress | process of perceiving and responding to events (stressors) |
| Eustress | good stress |
| Reaction to a Threatening Stressful Event | panic, freeze up |
| Reaction to a Challenging Stressful Event | alert, focused |
| Sympathetic Stress Response | body arouses, fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic Stress Response | calms body, conserves energy |
| Adrenal Gland | gland that releases hormones |
| 3 Types of Hormones | epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | the body's resistance to stress can last only so long until exhaustion - seyle's adaptive response to stress |
| Phase 1 | alarm, mobilize resources |
| Phase 2 | resistance, cope with stressor |
| Phase 3 | exhaustion, reserves depleted |
| Health Psychology | subfield of psychology - contributes to behavioral medicine |
| Behavioral Medicine | interdisciplinary field that studies behavior and medicine |
| 18 - 24 years old | most stressed out age group |
| Change | factor that leads to stress |
| Learning Process | learning to cope with stress |
| Catastrophic Events | hurricanes, combat stress, floods |
| Life Changes | death, divorce, loss of job, promotion |
| Daily Hassles | traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout |
| Stress is Intensified By | actual or lack lack of situational control |
| Coronary Heart Disease | clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle |
| Atherosclerosis | Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. |
| Hypertension | a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater) |
| Type A Personality | higher stress level - competitive, impatient, aggressive, and anger prone |
| Type B Personality | more laid back - easygoing, relaxed |
| Type D Personality | distressed, depressed, anxious - newer type |
| Psychological Illness | "mind-body" illness - stress related - forms of hypertension and headaches |
| Hypochondriasis | misinterpreting normal physical sensation as symptoms of a disease |
| Lymphocytes | 2 types of white blood cells in body's immune system |
| B Lymphocytes | stored in bone marrow - release antibodies that fight bacterial infections |
| T Lymphocytes | stored in thymus gland - attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances |
| Placebo Effect | positive effects derived from expectations |
| Nocebo Effect | negative effects derived from expectations |
| Personality | a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - fairly stable across time and situations |
| Kokology | how you respond to scenarios |
| What Drives the Unconscious Mind? | childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation - influences personality |
| Freud's Theory of Personality | attributes our thoughts/actions to unconscious tension |
| Psychoanalysis | approach to treating disorders - exposing and interpreting unconscious tenstion |
| Unconscious | according to Freud...reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Freuds 3 Structures That Control Personality | id, superego, ego |
| Id | unconscious psychic energy - strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, |
| Super Ego | the part of personality that presents internalized ideals - promotes standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations |
| Ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality - the arbitrator between the id and superego - operates on the reality principle, satisfies the id in ways that realistically bring pleasure than pain |
| Freud Idea | parental strife and sexual motivation are powerful influences on personality development |
| Identification | children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
| Psychosexual Stages | childhood stages of development - id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| Freuds Psychological Stages | oral stage - anal stage - phallic stage - latency stage - genital stage |
| Oral Stage (0-18 months) | pleasure on the mouth - suckling, biting, chewing |
| Anal Stage (18-36 months) | pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control |
| Phallic Stage (3-6 years) | pleasure zones is the genitals; incestuous sexual feelings |
| Latency Stage (6-puberty) | dormant sexual feelings |
| Genital Stage (puberty on) | maturation of sexual interests |
| Fixation | lingering focus of energy at a psychosexual stage - occurs when conflicts are unresolved |
| Oedipus Complex (for a male) | sexual desires toward mother - jealousy and hatred for the "rival" father |
| Freud Idea | the unconscious mind helps us cope with stress and anxiety |
| 6 Defense Mechanisms | repression - regression - reaction - projection - rationalization - displacement |
| Repression | banish anxiety arousing thoughts and memories from consciousness |
| Regression | retreat to more infantile psychosexual stage |
| Reaction | unconsciously switching impulses into its opposite form - expressing the opposite of the anxiety arousing feeling |
| Projection | disguise threatening impulse by attributing them to other others |
| Rationalization | provide justification that substitute for the real (more threatening) unconscious reason for actions |
| Displacement | shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward "acceptable" or "less threatening" object or person |
| Projective Test | type of personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli that triggers the projection of one's inner dynamics |
| Free Association Test | projective test using methods that explore the unconscious - person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind |
| Other Projective Tests | thematic apperception test (TAT) - rorschach inkblot test - |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | the most widely used projective test |
| 3 Criticisms of Freud's Theories | not a true science - conscious interpretation of events is equally as important as unconscious mind - sex and aggression are not all consuming emotions. people are driven by a variety of goals/needs |
| Alfred Alder | importance of childhood tension - growth motivation, deficiency motivation - "inferiority complex" |
| Karen Horney | balanced Freud's masculine biases; counted notion of "penis envy" |
| Carl Jung | emphasized the "collective unconsciousness" - shared, inherited reservoir of memory from our species history |
| Abraham Maslov | studied self actualization in productive and healthy people |
| Humanistic Perspective | self actualization including ultimate need, after others needs are met, motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| Carl Rogers | focused on growth and fulfillment - geniuses, acceptance, empathy - introduced group therapy |
| Rogers Acceptance | unconditioned positive regard - altitude of total acceptance toward selves and others/self concept: "who am I?" our thoughts/feelings about ourselves |
| Trait | innate characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
| Hans and Sybil Eysneck | 2 personality dimensions: stability-instability/introversion-extroversion |
| Personality Inventory | a structured survey - items gauge feelings and behaviors - assess select personality traits |
| Theory Driven Survey | based on definition of traits |
| Empirically Derived Survey | develop a pool of items that predict traits |
| Extrovert | one who gains energy, motivation and comfort from social interactions |
| MMPI | most widely researched and used personality traits/identifies emotional disorders/used for multi-purpose screening |
| Big Five Personality Inventory | identifies dominant personality traits/ typically used in healthy populations/used for multi-purpose screening |
| Social -Cognitive Perspective | behavior influenced by the interaction between people and their social contexts |
| Reciprocal Determinism | interacting influences between personality and environment |
| Personal Control | our sense of controlling our environments, rather than feeling helpless |
| External Locus of Control | forces beyond one's control determine fate |
| Internal Locus of Control | perception that one controls own fate |
| Learned Helplessness | hopelessness and passive resignation/learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events/results in stress and depression/uncontrollable bad events->perceived lack of control->generalized helpless behavior |
| Self | shaped by biases |
| Self Serving Basis | readiness to perceive oneself today |
| Spotlight Effect | overestimate others noticing our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| Self Esteem | ones' feelings of high or low self worth |
| Self Efficacy | belief in one's ability to perform a certain task |
| Synthetic Model | interaction between biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences - creates psychological disorders |
| Mental Healthcare | developing science and practice |
| Anxiety Disorders | distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Generalized Anxiety Order (GAD) | uncontrollable worry about domains of functioning - chronic autonomic nervous system arousal - 66% women |
| Panic Disorder | minutes long episodes of intense dread |
| Phobia Disorder | persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions |
| Dissociative Disorders | awareness becomes separated from previous memories; thoughts and feelings |
| Personality Disorders | disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring behavior patterns; impairs social functioning |
| 3 Clusters of Personality Disorders | expresses anxiety - expresses eccentric behaviors - impulsive behaviors |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | "sociopath" or "psychopath" - lacks conscience for wrongdoing - may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist - usually male; characteristics can emerge at an early age |
| Mood Disorders | characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major Depressive Disorder | for no apparent reason, person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressive moods, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest/ pleasure in most activites |
| Bipolar Disorder | person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy, and the overexcited state of mania (Manic-Depression) |
| Manic Episode | disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optomistic state |
| Depressed Brain Has Less? | serotonin and norepinephrine |
| Who Is More Likely to Commit Suicide? | men |
| Who Is More Likely to be Depressed? | women |
Combine with other sets
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