118 terms

Terms	Definitions
Why are viruses not classified into any kingdoms?	because biologists don't know if they should be considered alive
What is the argument for those who say a virus is a living organism?	does it have RNA or DNA
what is the argument for those who say a virus is a living organism?	they don't carry out life activities
what life activities do viruses not carry out?	don't grow, don't consume or make food (autotroph or heterotroph) don't respond to environment, can't reproduce
What shared/common characteristics are viruses grouped by?	DNA or RNA, shape, size, type of host cell they invade
what do you use to see virus?	electron microscope
what are two structures all viruses have?	DNA or RNA and a protein coat
what is the protein coat on a virus called and where is it	capsid, around the nucleic acid
what are capsids made of	capsomeres
what is a nucleocapsid	capsid and nucleic acid
what is a bacterial phage	a virus that specifically attacks bacteria
what is a virulent virus	a virus invades the host cell, takes control of the host cell, causing the host to produce new viruses, and then destroying the host
what are the stages of the lytic cycle?	1. attachment, 2. entry, 3. replication, 4. assembly, 5. release
what occurs in attachment?	the tail fibers of the T4 phage will attach to the cell wall of the bacterium, the spot were the tail t=fibers attach is the receptor site
what occurs in entry?	enzymes on the tail fibers will begin to digest the cell wall of the bacterium, the sheath will inject the nucleic acid into the host cell
what occurs in replication?	the viral nucleic acid takes control of the hosts cells DNA causing the host cell to produce new viruses
what occurs in assembly?	the different parts of the virus are produced by the host cell an them combined together
what occurs in release?	if the virus is in a host cell in a cell wall, the virus has the cell produce enzymes, then the pressure of the viruses being produced will allow the cell to burst open. If a virus is in a cell with only cell membrane, the enzymes do not need to be produced
what is a temperate phage?	a virus will invade the host cell and can go dormant for a period of time
what is an example of a temperate phage?	fever blisters
what are the steps to the lysogenic cycle?	1. the virus will invade the host cell similar to the lytic cycle 2. the viral nucleic acid will attach to the host cell's DNA 3. when the bacterium reproduces it will copy its own DNA to the viral nucleic acid and send it to the new offspring 4. eventually some environmental factor will trigger the virus to become active and destroy the host cell
what is a prophage	viral nucleic acid when its attached to bacterial DNA
what are some bacterial environmental factors?	wrong temperature, not enough water, not enough oxygen, no food
what are the 2 domains to bacteria?	domain Archaea, and domain Bactera
what is the kingdom for domain Archaea?	kindgom Archaebacteria
Archaea are very ______________?	unusual
Archaea are very _____________ (found in __________)	ancient, fossils
are archaea bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?	prokaryotic
how do archaea produce their food?	some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs
what are 3 examples of archaea?	methanogens, extreme halophiles, and thermoacidophiles
characteristics of methanogens?	-they generate methane gas -found deep in the soil -found in the intestines of animals
characteristics of extreme halophiles?	-live in high salt concentrations -found in Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake
characteristics of thermoacidophiles?	-live in high heat, very acidic environments -live in thermo vents on the ocean floor, geysers at yellow stone
why doe we have 2 kingdoms of bacteria?	archaea
what is the kingdom for domain Bacteria?	kingdom Eubacteria
domain Bacteria is considered the __________________ of true __________________	kingdom, bacteria
most from domain Bacteria do?	cause diseases, used in food production, common bacteria
is domain Bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?	prokaryotic
how does domain Bacteria good food?	they are either an autotroph or heterotroph
are domain bacteria unicellular or mutlicellular?	unicellular
what are some examples of domain Bacteria?	blue green bacteria aka cyanobacteria and prochlorobacteria
what is the blue pigment in blue green bacteria called?	phycocyanin
what is the green pigment in blue green bacteria called?	chlorophyll
blue green bacteria eat food how?	autotroph
blue green bacteria is ___________________________ bacteria	photosynthetic
prochlorobacteria have _____________________more similar to plants than chlorophyll in blue green bacteria	chlorophyll
bacteria are classified according to:	1. shape, structure of the cell wall, movement, and how they obtain energy
there are _____ basic shapes of bacteria	three
what are the three basic shapes of bacteria?	1. coccus 2. spirillum 3. bacillus
How is coccus bacteria shaped?	a sphere O
how many spheres are in a diplococcus	2 OO
how many spheres are in a streptococcus	3 or more in a chain OOOOO
how many spheres are in a staphylococcus	a cluster OOO OO O
how many spheres are in a tetrad	4 square shaped OO OO
what is a spirillum shaped like?	a spiral
what is a bacillus shaped like?	a rod [_____________]
what is a diplobacillus shaped like?	2 rods together [____________][____________]
what is a streptobacillus shaped like?	3 rods together [________][________][_______]
what did hans christian gram develop to determine the structure of the bacterial cell wall?	a stain technique
explain hans christian gram's stain technique	take a sample of bacteria and put it on a slide, add a dye called crystal violet, place the slide under the microscope, if the cell wall is purple it is called gram positive. staining tells us the cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. then pour alcohol over the slide to remove the purple die, then add a red dye called safranine, if the cell walls turn red then the bacteria is gram negative, that tells us the wall has a layer of liquids, gram negative are more difficult to kill, more resistant to antibodies and tend to make capsule
to move some bacteria have tail like structures called?	flagellum
to move some bacteria excrete a layer of what to slide through?	slime
other ways bacteria use to move?	jerk or flip along, jerking motion, and some can't move
T4 phage	what kind of virus is this?
how do bacteria obtain energy?	some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs and others through cellular respiration
what are two kind of heterotrophs?	chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs
chemoheterotroph?	they consume their food
photoheterotroph?	consume some food, primarily since photosynthesis doesn't give them enough
what are two kinds of autotrophs?	photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
photoautotroph?	use photosynthesis to produce their food
what is photosynthesis?	combining of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll in sunlight to produce glucose and release oxygen
chemoautotrophs?	go through chemosynthesis to produce their food
what is chemosynthesis?	production of organic compounds by using the energy released when they break down inorganic compounds
what is an example of an inorganic compound?	iron, sulfur, nitrites, ammonia
what is cellular respiration?	the process of releasing energy from food
there are ____ types of cellular respiration?	2
what are the 2 types of cellular respiration	aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
aerobic respriation?	requires oxygen for cellular respiration
anaerobic respiration?	cellular respiration without oxygen
For some bacteria ___________________ will kill the bacteria.	oxygen
a bacterium that goes through anaerobic respiration is ______________________?	anaerobe obligate
a bacterium that goes through cellular respiration is a _______________________?	obigate aerobe
what bacteria doesn't need oxygen and oxygen isn't toxic to them?	facultative anaerobe
what is a plasmid?	separate areas of DNA
what is the function of flagellum?	movement
what is the function of the cell wall?	protection, shape
what is the nuclear area on a bacterium?	contains most of the cells DNA
what is the function of the cell membrane?	protection, shape, and its selectively perimable
Do all bacteria make capsules?	No
to produce a capsule, what kind of chemical has to be present in the bacterias environment?	sugar
do bacterium begin life with capsules?	No
a capsule can attach to objects such as _______________.	teeth
what is the function of a capsule?	protects bacteria from being invaded by viruses and its slowed down the process of a white blood cell destroying the bacteria with phagocytes
what is an endospore?	a hard covering that forms around the DNA and a little bit of cytoplasm
do all bacteria make endospores?	No
when are endospores produced?	during unfavorable conditions
are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?	unicellular
how do bacteria reproduce?	asexually through binary fusion
what is binary fusion?	method of reproducing in which the offspring is a clone of the parent
what is conjugation?	two bacteria will come together and form a bridge and swap a piece of DNA with each other. the two bacteria are now different which is variation
organisms that make you ill are called?	germs
what is koch's 1st postulate?	1. If someone is ill, there should be a pathogen in their body that you don't find in a healthy person
what is koch's 2nd postulate?	2. you should be able to remove the pathogens from a person who's sick and grow it in lab
what is koch's 3rd postulate?	3. you should be able to put what you grow in lab and put it in a healthy person and make them sick with same symptoms
what is koch's 4th postulate?	4. person you just made sick should be able to have pathogen and it should match what is growing in lab
a couple pounds of anthrax could kill up to?	3 million people
infectious diseases ranks as the _____ highest cause of death in the united states.	3rd
less than ____ percent of bacteria cause disease.	1
manmade snow depends on?	bacteria
what are the oldest lifeforms on earth?	bacteria
bacteria can survive in waters up to ______ degrees.	480
how many bacteria would fit on the head of a pin?	1 million
in many bacteria species cell division occurs every ________ minutes.	20
there are more bacteria in our mouth than _________________________________________?	living people on the planet
botulism is how many more times deadly than rattlesnake venom?	6 million
The toxin is released after the bacteria what?	die
what is antibiotic resistance?	the bacteria have developed a way to avoid the killing action of antibiotics
what did sir alexander fleming discover?	penicillin

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