world history 9 midterm
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130 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 delian league (greece) | an offensive alliance formed against the persians formed by athens in 478 BC |
| cleisthenes | a reformer who gained power in 510 BC created council of 500 athenian democracy |
| council of 500 | created by cleisthenes foreign affairs treasury proposed laws |
| phalanx | military formation made by hoplites |
| pericles | leader of athens during its greatness 461-429 BC direct democracy rebuilt temples and statues |
| peloponnesian war | 431-404 BC SPARTA AND PERSIA vs athens sparta invaded athens and a plague broke out ended athenian greatness, democracy suffered sparta fell to thebes, macedonia would conquer city-states |
| solon | an aristrocrat who reformed athens cancelled land debt freed people enslaved for debt |
| agora | marketplace |
| peloponnesian league | a counter alliance formed by sparta to the delian league |
| helots | city owned slaves given to spartan citzens |
| aristotle | known for studies of natural science |
| plebeians | landowners, merchants, artisans, and farmers were the majority of the population and working class |
| patricians | wealthy, powerful landowners formed ruling class |
| plato | philosopher who educated aristotle equality for women/men believed in republic |
| oligarchy | rule by few the most educated people |
| forum | a public square and meeting place in ancient rome |
| sophists | group of traveling teachers in ancient greece stressed importance of rhetoric |
| socrates | educated plato sculptor who loved philosophy socratic method: q&a format of teaching |
| hellenistic | alexander the great greek language and ideas were carried to the non-greek world |
| aqueduct | a channel that brought clean water into rome |
| direct democracy | people participate directly in government decision making by attending mass meetings |
| xerxes | ruler of persia during the wars invaded Greece |
| pax romana | roman peace lasted 150 years |
| explain how spartan society worked | equals: spartan citizens half citizens: in surrounding communities (taxes, military, commercial activities, NO political rights) helots: state slaves given to citizens until 30 boys lived and served in military educated women |
| explain how athenian society worked | adult men: had political rights free people: no rights (women, children, resident foreigners) slaves life was centered around agora |
| list some advances in roman and greek architecture | had great influence on today columns, calmness, clarity, no unnecessary details |
| why did rome fall | p: too big to govern p: bad emperors e: high taxes s: loss of patriotism m: paid fighters |
| how was pax romana achieved? | stable government, law, and military free food and entertainment good rulers and strong borders |
| what were the effects of the fall of the roman empire? | dark ages |
| explain the who, what, when, and where of the persian wars | ATHENS AND SPARTA vs persia persians wanted to seek revenge 490-479 BC marathon, thermopylae, salamis, plataea |
| explain the who, what, when, and where of the peloponnesian war | SPARTA AND PERSIA vs athens sparta invaded athens and a plague broke out 431-404 BC |
| jesus of nazareth (jesus) | a jewish teacher who traveled and preached his beliefs |
| paul (saul) | spread christianity all throughout the empire |
| theodosius | made christianity the official religion |
| constantine | first christian emperor |
| what is the central message of christianity | jesus' resurrection jesus is the messiah and he died for the sins of man |
| identify 3 of the main teachings of christianity | love god above all else love everyone around you seek forgiveness for sins |
| why was christianity so appealing to so many people? | no initiation fees idea of afterlife promise of salvation jesus was easy to relate to |
| how were christians originally treated in rome? | they were killed |
| who made christianity the official religion of the roman empire? | theodosius in 395 AD |
| how were non-christians treated after christianity became the official religion of the roman empire? | they were killed |
| muhammad | political and religious leader received revelations from god through gabriel while meditating on a hill revelations became the qur'an |
| sunni | the largest group of islam followers |
| shiite | the smaller group of islam followers that disagrees with sunni beliefs |
| ka'bah | central shrine in mecca where the black stone was placed |
| qur'an | holy book of islam contains ethical guidelines and laws from muhammad's revelations |
| jihad | a holy war |
| hajj | pilgrimage to mecca |
| hijrah | journey that muhammad made from medina to gain followers |
| astrolabe | a tool that allowed you to find the stars and locate your position |
| identify the 5 pillars of islam | belief (confession of faith) prayer (5x per day, facing mecca) charity (alms to the poor) fasting (holy month of ramadan) pilgrimage (hajj to mecca) |
| identify 3 of the main teachings of islam | there is one god, allah muhammad is a prophet all believers were equal |
| list 3 technological advances of islamic society | astrolabe (chart stars and find location) new, more accurate maps first medical encyclopedia |
| charles martel | father of pepin defeated the muslims at the battle of tours in 732 |
| charlemagne | son of pepin; charles the great became new frankish king in 768-814 created carolingian empire |
| estates general | first french parliament |
| fief | the grant of land made to a vassal |
| freemen | part of manorial system lived in cities helped manors be self sufficient |
| lord | a vassal to the king has vassals of his own |
| vassal | served a lord in a military capacity |
| domesday book | census created by william of normandy people, manors, farm animals |
| magna carta | a document of rights created by king john's nobles signed in 1215 in runnymede |
| pope urban II | responded to request of help from byzantine empire promised remission of sins for soldiers |
| 3 field system | land divided into three parts only two were used at the same time kept soil fertile while growing more crops |
| william of normandy (the conqueror) | defeated king harold in battle of hastings crowned king of england 1066 |
| richard the lionhearted | leader of the third crusade negotiates with saladin (muslim ruler) |
| identify the purpose of monasteries | education helping poor helping travelers |
| why did feudal societies emerge in europe? | people needed protection |
| what was the purpose of the crusades? which ones were successful? | to regain the holy land (jerusalem) to unite all of europe only the first was successful |
| compare and contrast gothic and romanesque architecture | gothic: ornate, tall and open; pointed romanesque: columns and arches; rounded |
| explain the causes and effects of the black plague | c: deadly bacteria carried by rats c: fleas bit the rats, then the human e: anti-semitism e: decline in trade, rise in price of labor, falling prices for goods |
| explain the causes and effects of the hundred years war | c: edward III had territory in southern france and claimed the throne for himself after the capetian dynasty was done e: revolutionized warfare (cannons/gunpowder) e: downfall of feudalism (kings could control nobles) e: war of the roses (establishes strong monarchy) |
| why did feudalism end | kings could purchase cannons that pierced through the castle walls so they could control the nobles |
| what happened to joan of arc | burned at the stake for heresy later regarded as a saint |
| great schism | two different popes are elected in rome and france church splits into two |
| identify the commercial revolution and explain its causes | improvements in business practices and economic development caused by black death: surplus and specialization banking, joint-stock companies, property=income |
| identify the joint-stock company | people buy shares in an enterprise for a share of the profits |
| explain the war of the roses. identify the two sides. who won? | english civil war 1455-1485 house of york (w) and house of lancaster (r) henry tudor (r) -> henry VII |
| leonardo da vinci | a well rounded person painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician |
| humanism | an intellectual movement of the renaissance based on the study of humanities |
| erasmus | the best known christian humanist thought christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis external forms of medieval religion weren't important |
| francesco petrarch | father of humanism looked for forgotten latin manuscripts began the humanist emphasis on pure classical latin |
| albrecht durer | german artist tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty |
| christian humanism | a movement that developed during the northern renaissance combined humanism with the goal of reforming the Catholic church |
| northern renaissance | renaissance that took place in northern europe different approach than italians |
| michelangelo | an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect famous for the Sistine Chapel in Rome perfect proportions |
| raphael | one of Italy's best painters admired for his madonnas ideal of beauty |
| masaccio | created first masterpieces of early renaissance perfected laws of perspective |
| identify the renaissance. what were its main ideas? | a period of rebirth in europe education and individual achievement human beings are the most important |
| why did the renaissance begin in italy? | urban society: secular viewpoint, enjoyment of material things age of recovery rebirth of interest in ancient culture (art/politics) new view of human beings: emphasized individual ability |
| what forms did art take during the renaissance? | became more secular and realistic perspective light details (oil paints) |
| compare and contrast the northern european and italian renaissances | i: classical greece and rome i: secular i: frescoes i: architecture n: christian humanism n: everyday people in art n: oil paintings n: literature/theatre |
| martin luther | a monk and professor came up with the chief idea for protestantism |
| indulgences | release from all or part of the punishment for sin |
| 95 theses | an attack on abuses in the sales of indulgences by martin luther in 1517 |
| jesuits | society of jesus founded by spanish nobleman ignatius of loyola restored and spread catholicism |
| predestination | belief that god has determined in advance who will be sent to heaven or hell |
| calvinists | followers of john calvin believed in salvation by faith alone, predestination, using the clergy and laity, and had very strict rules |
| john calvin | educated french man who fled to switzerland after converting to protestantism |
| johannes gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| henry VII | king of england started the anglican church because he couldn't get a divorce |
| peace of augsburg | ended religious wars in germany each prince could choose religion of his region |
| huguenots | french protestants |
| identify the reforms of the council of trent | faith and good works led to salvation seven sacraments and celibacy banned indulgences |
| identify the problems of catholic church | corruption: people weren't concerned with spiritual needs salvation: people sold indulgences and collected relics devotion: clergy had little interest in needs of people |
| why did the reformation begin? what started it? | they wanted to regain followers people were leaving the church |
| identify 3 of the teachings of martin luther | justification by faith alone two sacraments- baptism and communion clergy could marry |
| identify three of the teachings of john calvin | justification by faith alone/predestination clergy and laity strict rules |
| identify 3 of the reforms of the catholic reformation | faith and good works led to salvation seven sacraments and celibacy banned indulgences |
| explain the st bartholomew's day massacre | 1572 the ultra catholics killed 20,000 protestants |
| christopher columbus | sailed for spain explored indies reached americas in 1492 |
| amerigo vespucci | sailed for portugal explored americas america was named after him |
| hernan cortez | spanish conqueror of mexico believed natives should become catholic |
| francisco pizarro | 1530 landed on pacific coast of south america established a capital at lima |
| montezuma | aztec monarch welcomed cortez in 1519 at tenochtitlan |
| encomienda | right of landowners to use native americans as laborers given by queen isabella of spain |
| conquistadors | spanish conquerors of the americas firearms, organizational skills, determination |
| identify and explain the reasons for exploration during this time period (3 G's) | god: convert non-christians to their type of christianity glory: conquering, gaining territory, fame gold: money and actual gold |
| define the columbian exchange and provide specific examples of how it altered the lives of people from both the new and old worlds. | exchange of goods and ideas between the new and old world n->o: tomatoes and coffee which are very important in european culture o->n: wheat and cattle which are very important in american culture |
| louis XIV | louis XII's son; nicknamed sun king introduced the absolute monarchy cardinal mazarin took over until he was 23 |
| elizabeth I | queen of england brings protestantism back made herself head of church and state |
| charles I | james I's son believed in divine right of kings signs petition of rights in 1628 but then revokes it tried to impose ritual on church executed by roundheads and rump parliament |
| oliver cromwell | leader of roundheads and new model army executes charles I in 1649 creates commonwealth-abolishes monarchy and house of lords, believes in freedom of protestant worship, and thinks puritan morality is important |
| absolutism | a monarch has all of the power in the government |
| william and mary | william the silent of orange mary is james II daughter invade england and sign bill of rights |
| limited monarchy | a system of government in which power is shared (ex england: king and parliament) |
| divine right | the belief that kings got their power from God |
| english bill of rights | introduced by parliament to william and mary limits power of king |
| explain the english revolution. who fought? what were they fighting over? what was the outcome? | cavaliers (supporters of charles I) vs roundheads (supporters of parliamentary forces) fighting to limit power of the king roundheads and cromwell won and executed charles I in 1649 cromwell established commonwealth in 1660 charles II establishes monarchy in 1685 james II introduces glorious revolution |
| explain the causes and effects of the glorious revolution | c: james II had too much power and parliament wanted him gone c: james II was catholic and england was protestant e: william and mary sign english bill of rights e: leads to limited monarchy |
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