PCOM: Anatomy 2 - week 2, The Integumentary System
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Created by:
plecke Plus on January 17, 2012
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95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hypodermis | superficial fascia - subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin |
| make up of the hypodermis | largely adipose tissue anchoring skin to underlying muscle |
| function of hypodermis | allows skin to slide over muscle, acts as shock absorber and insulator |
| epidermis | outermost layer of the skin |
| makeup of the epidermis | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| cells of the epidermis | keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells |
| keratinocytes | produce keratin - a fibrous protective protein |
| melanocytes | synthesize melanin - a pigment |
| Langerhans cells | epidermal dendritic cells - macrophages that activate the immune system and help keep pathogens from entering the blood stream |
| Merkel cells | tactile cells associated with sensory nerve endings |
| layers of the epidermis | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, statum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| two types of epidermis | thick and thin skin |
| epidermal skin with 4 layers | thin |
| epidermal skin with 5 layers | thick |
| epidermal layer only found in thick skin | stratum lucidum |
| stratum basale | deepest layer, site of mitosis, undifferentiated stem cells gets nutrients from the dermis by diffusion, Merkel cells and Melanocytes in this layer |
| stratum spinosum | keratinocytes, melanin granules, Langerhans cells, many layers, bound by desmesomes |
| stratum granulosum | a transitional zone in which keratinocytes undergo change and produce keratin; apoptosis begins and organelles begin to disappear |
| lamellated granules | in the stratum granulosum - contain glycolipids and release them into the intercellular space for protection, insulation and waterproofing |
| keratohyaline granules | in the stratum granulosum - have a theoretical role in keratinization |
| stratum lucidum | clear layer only present in thick skin |
| stratum corneum | outermost protective layer of dead keratinocytes; 25-30 layers sloughed off in equilibrium with basal cell production |
| dermis | composed of strong, flexible connective tissue |
| two layers of the dermis | superficial papillary and reticular |
| elements the papillary layer | contains dermal papillae - cone shaped area of dermis just below epidermis |
| reticular layer | dense irregular connective tissue; 80% of dermis; Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles |
| Meissner's corpuscle | touch receptors in the reticular layer of the dermis of hairless skin |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | pressure receptors in the reticular layer of the dermis - deep to Meissner's |
| 3 pigments that determine skin color | melanin, hemoglobin, carotene |
| color of melanin | black |
| amino acid converted by melanocytes to melanin | tyrosine |
| enzyme used to stimulate the conversion of tyrosine into melanin | tyrosinase |
| what increases the activity of tyrosinase | UV radiation |
| condition in which there is no gene for the production of tyrosinase | albinism |
| condition in which the immune system attacks melanocytes | vitiligo |
| hemoglobin | in the RBC, binds oxygen, give pink/red coloration to skin |
| condition that results in a cherry red complexion | CO2 poisoning |
| carotene | pigment with yellowish tinge |
| cyanosis | blue tinge caused by lack of oxygen (hypoxia) |
| jaundice | yellowish tinge in the sclera of the eye due to bilirubin buildup - due to a liver disorder |
| bilirubin | a by-product of red cell death |
| erythema | redness of the skin |
| arrector pillae | muscle attached to the hair follicle and epidermis that stands hair up |
| alternate term for sweat gland | sudiferous |
| gland that produces true sweat | eccrine or merocrine |
| composition of sweat | water, salt, urea, ammonia |
| glands of the axillary and anogenital areas | apocrine |
| what is produced in apocrine glands | pheromones, fatty substances and proteins |
| gland found in the lining of the ear | ceruminous gland |
| function of ceruminous glands | produce cerumen, or ear wax to protect the tympanic membrane |
| milk producing glands in the breasts | mammary glands - modified sudiferous gland |
| Oil producing glands | sebaceous glands |
| what is produced in sebaceous glands | sebum - fats and protein |
| classification of sebaceous glands | holocrine |
| function of sebaceous glands | provide lubrication for hair and follicle, moistens skin and is anti-bacterial |
| what stimulates sebaceous gland functions | hormones |
| composition of hair | dead keratinized cells |
| main regions of hair | root and shaft |
| hair root | below the surface of the skin |
| hair shaft | the part of the hair that is visible |
| three layers of hair cells | medulla, cortex, cuticle |
| innermost layer of hair cells | medulla |
| middle layer of hair cells | cortex |
| outer layer of hair cells | cuticle - layered keratin level to prevent matting and keep deeper layers compact |
| location of melanocytes in hair | base of the hair follicle |
| how hair color is made | differing proportions of melanin |
| hair matrix | basal layer of hair cells with a blood supply from hair papilla |
| what cells are made when basal cells in the hair matrix differentiate | keratinocytes |
| two types of hair follicles | vellus or terminal |
| vellus hair | short, light colored - "peach fuzz" |
| terminal hair | after puberty |
| two phases of hair growth | resting and growth - not in sync, but mostly in growth stage |
| where the hair follicle lies in the skin | down from the epidermis into the dermis and occasionally into the hypodermis |
| the deep end of a hair follicle | hair bulb |
| what surrounds the hair bulb | a knot of sensory nerve endings - hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus |
| composition of hair follicle walls | tissue root sheath, glassy membrane, external epithelial root sheath |
| outermost layer of hair follicle wall | connective tissue root sheath |
| middle layer of hair follicle wall | glassy membrane - thickened basement membrane |
| innermost layer of hair follicle wall | external/internal epithelial root sheath |
| some factors effecting hair growth | nutrition, hormones, body region, age, sex |
| alopecia | thinning and balding - occurs in all people after 40 when hair growth/replacement slows |
| description of nails | scalelike modification of epidermis that forms a clear, protective layer |
| composition of nails | keratinized cells |
| structure of nails | free edge, body, lunula, eponychium, cuticle, hyponychium, nail matrix |
| free edge | the part of the nail one trims |
| lunula | the white half moon at the base of nail formed by the thickening of the nail matrix |
| eponychium | proximal skin fold |
| hyponychium | layer of epithelial tissue connecting the free edge to the skin of the digit |
| functions of the integumentary system | protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, limited excretion of nitrogenous wastes |
| metabolic function of skin | produces vitamin D |
| how Vitamin D is produced by skin | calcitrol, a precursor of Vitamin D is activated by UV light |
| two ways in which the integumentary system regulates temperature | evaporation of sweat and constriction of dermal capillaries |
| least malignant form of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma |
| second most dangerous form of skin cancer | squamous cell carcinoma - formed from the keratinocytes in the stratus spinosum and can grom rapidly and metastasize if not removed |
| more lethal form of skin cancer | melanoma - cancer of the melanocytes. Dangerous as it is at the basal layer near blood supply and can spread very quickly and easily |
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