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List the functions of the Integumentary System protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir and excretion There are three types of protective barriers, what are they? Chemical barriers, Physical/Mechanical barriers and Biological barriers What is the natural antibiotic found in chemical barriers? defensins, this is secreted from skin cells The chemical barrier includes skin ______ and _____. secretion and melanin Physical/mechanical barriers are provided by the ____ of ____ and the hardness of its ______ cells. continuity of skin, keratinized Biological barriers include _____ cells of the epidermis, ______ in the dermis and also DNA. Langerhan's, macrophages The body works best when its temperature remains within _______ limits. homeostatic There are four Mechanism of Heat Exchange, what are they? radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation ____ is important to maintain performance hydration The skin is richly supplied with cutaneous _____ _____. sensory receptors Cutaneous sensation/receptors are found mostly here. the epidermis Cutaneous receptors are classified as ______ because the respond to stimuli arising outside the body exteroceptors What is an example of an exteroceptor? Meissner's corpuscles and tactile discs, Merkel discs, Pacinian receptors The skin can be referred to as a _____ factory. chemical Metabolic functions are critical for this process synthesis of Vitamin D True or False. Metabolic functions aid in calcium absorption True, however, this is not possible without vitamin D Metabolic functions produce ______ enzymes that neutralize many cancer-causing chemicals that may penetrate the epidermis keratinocyte Metabolic functions produce an enzyme called ____ that produces collagen and helps fight wrinkles collagenase True or False. The dermis is avascular. False. The dermis is highly vascularized. The blood reservoir holds large volumes of the _____ _____. body's blood Most waste in the body is excreted through this. the urine Small amounts of nitrogen-containing wastes (ammonia, urea and uric acid) are excreted in ___. sweat The skin can develop more than ____ different conditions/ailments 1000 There are several common skin disorders, name the three most common ones. bacterial, viral and yeast This type of skin cancer is the least malignant and the most common type of skin cancer. basal cell carcinoma True or False. Basal cell carcinoma is fast growing. false. It is relatively slow growing Where is the most common area the basal cell carcinoma effects? sun-exposed areas of the face Does basal cell carcinoma metastasize and how successful is surgical excision? Metastasis seldom occurs in basal cell carcinoma and the surgical excision has a 99% cure rate This is the second most common type of skin cancer and it arise from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. squamous cell carcinoma What is the appearance of the lesions and where are they typically found, of a person with squamous cell carcinoma? The appearance of the lesion are scaly reddened papule (or small, rounded elevation) and are found typically on the head on the scalp, ears and lower lip Squamous cell carcinoma tends to grow ____ rapidly True or False. Squamous cell carcinoma will metastasize if not removed. True True or False. If caught early enough and removed, the recovery from squamous cell carcinoma still has little to no success. False. If removed and use of radiation, it has a high success rate This is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. melanoma Cancer of the melanocytes is known as this. melanoma Melanoma accounts for what percent of all skin cancers in the U.S. each year approximately 5% True or False. Melanoma can begin wherever there is pigment True Melanoma appears ____ and about 1/3 develop from preexisting _____ (looks like a spreading brown to black patch). spontaneously, moles Melanoma metastasized ______ to the lymphatic system and _____ _____. rapidly, blood vessels The key to surviving melanoma is ____ _____. early detection The change of a person surviving with melanoma is ____ if the lesion is over __ mm thick. poor, 4 Therapy for melanoma is wide surgical excision accompanied by _______ immunotherapy (immunizing the body against its cancer cells) _____ _____ are most susceptible to melanoma Sun Worshippers The American Cancer Society suggest that Sun Worshipper regularly examine their skin and use this rule for recognizing melanoma. The ABCD(e) rule What does "A" stand for in the ABCD(e) rule? Asymmetry What does "B" stand for in the ABCD(e) rule? Border Irregularity What does "C" stand for in the ABCD(e) rule? Color (blacks, browns, tans and sometimes blues and reds) What does "D" stand for in the ABCD(e) rule? Diameter (6+ mm) What does "(e)" stand for in the ABCD(e) rule? Elevation Define: Burn a burn is tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity, radiation or certain chemicals (denature cell proteins and cause cell death in affected areas) Severe burns lead to a significant ____ of ____ ____ (containing proteins and electrolytes), this results in _____ and electrolyte imbalance loss of body fluids, dehydration Loss of body fluids can also lead to ____ shutdown and _____ shock and therefore must be replaced immediately renal, circulatory In adults, the volume of fluid lost can be estimated by computing the percentage of body surface burned using this rule. The rule of nines The rule of nines divides the body into 11 areas, each of the areas account for __% of total body area plus an additional 1% for the area surround the ______. 9, genitals What are the nine area described in the rule of nines method? anterior and posterior neck, anterior and posterior upper limbs, anterior and posterior trunk, anterior and posterior lower limbs and perineum How are burn classified? Burns are classified according to their severity as first, second, third and fourth degree First-degree burns involve only the _____ and symptoms include _____, _____, and pain. epidermis, redness, swelling An example of a first-degree burn would be ____ and typically tend to heal in __ to __ days. sunburn, 2 to 3 Second-degree burns injure the _____ and the upper region of the _____. Symptoms are similar to first-degree but ______ also appear epidermis, dermis, blisters Second-degree burns tend to heal within __ to __ weeks and skin regeneration occurs with little to no _____. (only true if taken care of properly) 3 to 4, scarring First and Second-degree burns are also referred to as this. Partial-thickness burns Third-degree burns are also referred to as this. Full-thickness burns Third-degree burns involve the ____ thickness of the skin and since the nerve endings have been ______ there is little to no _____ entire, destroyed, pain With third-degree burns, ____ ____ is usually necessary even though the skin regeneration might eventually occur skin grafting Third-degree burns tend to heal within __ to __ weeks unless _____ occurs. 3 to 4, infections True or False. Third-degree burn victims are only at a moderate risk for infections. False. There are at a HIGH risk for infections. Fourth-degree burns go down to the ______. muscle Burns are considered critical if (1) over __% of the body has second-degree burns (2) over __% of the body has third-degree burns (3) there are third-degree burns of the ____, ____ and feet 25, 10, face, hands What symptom occurs first when the skin is severely damaged? dehydration List things that may occur when the skin is severely damaged. metabolism accelerates or may be significantly impaired, immune system experiences significant changes, bones may soften, cardiovascular system may fail, infection (sepsis) is likely and dehydration Which epidermal cell type is most numerous? (a) keratinocytes, (b) melanocytes, (c) Langerhans cells, (d) Merkel cells A. keratinocytes Which cell functions as a part of the immune system? (a) keratinocytes, (b) melanocytes, (c) Langerhans cells, (d) Merkel cells C. Langerhan cells The epidermis provides a physical barrier due largely to the presens of (a) melanin, (b) carotene, (c) collagen, (d) keratin D. keratin Skin color is determine by (a) the amount of blood, (b) pigments, (c) oxygenation level of the blood, (d) all of these D. all of these The sensations of touch and pressure are picked up by receptors located in (a) the stratum spinosum, (b) the dermis, (c) the hypodermis, (d) the stratum corneum B. the dermis