1.
Abu Bakr: Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.
2.
Aeschylus: Greek tragedian
3.
Ali: the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites
4.
Anna Comnena: 1st important femal historian; wrote "Alexiad" that analyzed reign of her dad, Alexius I; not as biased
5.
Aristotle: one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers
6.
Augustus Caesar: The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace
7.
Barbarian Invasions: Period of time during the Roman Empire when non-Roman people began to migrate to the empire.
8.
Bedouins: Arab nomads
9.
Belisarius: Byzantine general under Justinian I
10.
Byzantine: Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565).
11.
Caesaropapism: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters
12.
Carthage: an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis
13.
Carthaginians: In 264 and 202 B.C.E., Rome fought two protracted and bloody wars against Carthaginians. , These people were descendants of Phoenicians from Lebanon and settled in present-day Tunisia. They dominated the commerce of the western Mediterranean. Hannibal. Middle Republic
14.
Charlemagne: king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor
15.
Constantine: a walled city in northeastern Algeria east of Algiers
16.
Corpus iuris civilis: "Body of Civil Law," Justinian's codification of Roman law
17.
Cyrillic alphabet: an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages
18.
Euripides: one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC)
19.
Excommunication: the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church
20.
Fourth Crusade: a Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem
21.
Hadith: (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran
22.
Hajj: the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah
23.
Hijra: The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam
24.
Iconoclasm: the orientation of an iconoclast
25.
Ionia: region of western Asia Minor colonized by Ancient Greeks
26.
Jesus of Nazareth: a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth
27.
Julius Caesar: conqueror of Gaul and master of Italy (100-44 BC)
28.
Justinian: Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians
29.
Madrasas: Islamic schools
30.
Muhammad: the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
31.
Muslim: a believer or follower of Islam
32.
Otto of Saxony: Established the Holy Roman Empire. Pope John XII proclaimed him HRE in 962. Aggressively built his state. Defended Papal states from Lombards twice.
33.
Paul of Tarsus: A Jew from Asia Minor that played the most influential role in the spread of Christianity. Paul never met Jesus but he had a vision one day of speaking to him.
34.
Pericles: Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece
35.
Philip of Macedon: father of Alexander the Great; had three goals: to raise the economic and cultural level of his people, to united the Greek city states under Macedonian rule, and to lead a combined Greek/ Macedonian army against the Persian Empire
36.
Prince Vladimir: Ruler of Kiev who converts to eastern orthodox christianity rather than roman catholic; influenced Russians to convert to Christianity.
37.
Quran: the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina
38.
Roman Empire: an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire
39.
Roman Republic: the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC
40.
Sappho: the Greek lyric poet of Lesbos
41.
Sharia: the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
42.
Shia: one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam
43.
Solon: a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs
44.
Sophocles: one of the great tragedians of ancient Greece (496-406 BC)
45.
St. Basil of Caesarea: organized monastic movement
46.
St. Cyril: Went with Methodius and spread the Orthodox religion in Russia and brought the Cyrilic Alphabet to Russia.
47.
St. Methodius: Apostle of the Slaves
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48.
Sufism: Islamic mysticism
49.
Sunni: one of the two main branches of orthodox Islam
50.
Theodora: Justinian's wife; helped him run the empire
