AP Psychology Unit 9
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Adolescence | the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood |
| Adolescent | a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity |
| Alzheimer's Disease | an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning |
| Androgyny | showing characteristics of both sexes |
| Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment | In general, a child with an anxious-avoidant attachment style will avoid or ignore the parent when he or she returns (in the Strange Situation) - showing little overt indications of an emotional response. Often, the stranger will not be treated much differently from the parent. |
| Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment | In general, a child with an anxious-resistant attachment style will typically explore little (in the Strange Situation) and is often wary of strangers, even when the parent is present. When the mother departs, the child is often highly distressed. The child is generally ambivalent when she returns. |
| Assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another |
| Attachment | a feeling of affection for a person or an institution |
| Cathexis | (psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object |
| Centration | The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects. |
| Cognitive Developmental Theory | children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world |
| Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Concrete Operational Stage of Development | Children learn to solve more complex problems using basic knowledge. |
| Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
| Cross-Sectional Study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another |
| Decentering | the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account |
| Differentiation | a discrimination between things as different and distinct |
| Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment | The attachment pattern reflecting the greatest insecurity, characterizing infants who show confused, contradictory responses when reunited with the parent after a separation. |
| Displaced | removed from a place |
| Displacement | act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics |
| Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
| Factor Analysis | any of several methods for reducing correlational data to a smaller number of dimensions or factors |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions |
| Formal Operational Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
| Gender | the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles |
| Gender Identity | your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female |
| Gender Role | the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness |
| Gender-Typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
| Generativity | In Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself ex:to family, work, or future generations |
| Germinal Stage | The first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception. |
| Habituation | a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions |
| Integrity | moral soundness |
| Intimacy | In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
| Intuitive Thought | thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world |
| Maturation | the internally programmed growth of a child |
| Maturity | the period of time in your life after your physical growth has stopped and you are fully developed |
| Menarche | the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman |
| Menopause | the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends |
| Meta Analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| Method of Loci | A mnemonic device that involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations. |
| Moral Development | growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically |
| Moral Reasoning | the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong |
| Object Permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
| Oral Stage | Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center. (eating) |
| Phallic Stage | The third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure |
| Pollyannaish | pleasantly (even unrealistically) optimistic |
| Postconventional Level | Kohlberg's highest level of moral development, in which moral actions are judged on the basis of personal codes of ethics that are general and abstract and that may not agree with societal norms |
| Preconventional Level | Stages 1 and 2 of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning. Children think about moral questions in terms of external authority; acts are wrong because they are punished or right because they are rewarded. |
| Preoperational Stage | In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
| Preoperational Thought | Second stage of pigat last from 2-8yrs of age stable concepts are formed,mental reasoning are formed and magical beliefs are constructed |
| Prepositional Reasoning | logical thinking that involves evaluation a statement or series of statements based on the information in the statement alone |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
| Prosocial Behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
| Psychosexual Stages of Development | According to Freudian theory, there are five stages of psychosexual development, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving sexual pleasure: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage. |
| Puberty | the time of life when sex glands become functional |
| Reversibility | A child's ability to reverse operations and therefore recognize that the qualities of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance. Occurs in Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (e.g., 1+2=3 to 3-2=1). |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair |
| Secure Attachment | a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver |
| Sensorimotor Stage of Development | Children learn about the world through their senses and body movements |
| Sex Differences | Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body type. |
| Sex Roles | the different activities expected of males and females |
| Sexual Indentity | biological sex, gender inequality, and sexual orientation |
| Superego | That part of the unconscious mind that acts as a conscience |
| Symbolic Function Substage | Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present (between about 2 and 4 years of age). |
| Temperament | an adjustment of the intervals (as in tuning a keyboard instrument) so that the scale can be used to play in different keys |
| Teratogen | any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples |
| Transitivity | The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. |
| Type A Personality | A theory used to describe a person with a significant number of traits focused on urgency, impatience, success, and excessive competition. |
| Type B Personality | Personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable behavior. |
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