Bio midyear Unit 2
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103 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 organic compound | a chemical compound containing the element carbon |
| hydrocarbon | organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
| isomer | organic compound with the same molecular formula but different structure; different properties |
| functional groups | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to a carbon skeleton or organic molecules |
| hydroxyl | functional group: hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by polar covalent bond -OH |
| carboxyl | functional group: a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and the carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group |
| amino group | functional group: a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms |
| macromolecules | giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules |
| polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |
| monomer | the subunit that serves as the building blocks of a polymer |
| dehydration synthesis | chemical process where a polymer forms as monomer are linked by the removal of water molecules |
| hydrolysis | chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water |
| carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone, or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| glucose | simple sugar which is just a monosaccharide |
| fructose | simple monosaccharide found in plants |
| disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccahrides joined by dehydration synthesis |
| sucrose | organic compound commonly known as table sugar |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose |
| polysaccharide | a polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
| glycogen | extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle or animals |
| cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers |
| lipid | family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids; they are insoluble in water |
| fat | (triacylgylcerol) biological compound consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| saturated | fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens and have no double covalent bonds |
| unsaturated | fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms and have one or more double covalent bonds |
| waxes | a lipid that consists of one fatty acid linked to an alcohol |
| steroids | type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached |
| phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail |
| protein | three dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids |
| hydrophobic | having an aversion to water; don't like water |
| enzyme | protein serving as a catatyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| amino acid | organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups |
| R group | variable group; what changes to make 20 amino acids |
| peptide bond | covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by dehydration synthesis |
| denaturation | when proteins unravel and it loses its native conformation, it becomes biologically inactive |
| primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids |
| secondary structure | repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonds forming between peptide linkage |
| alpha helix | a spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins |
| pleated sheets | one form of secondary structure where the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or a region of the chain is parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail |
| quaternary structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide |
| nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, all cellular activities |
| DNA (deoxyribonuleic acid) | double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded |
| genes* | a unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base, and phosphate group |
| phosphate group* | a functional group important in energy transfer |
| double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion, directly related to the speed of that motion |
| heat | the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter |
| potential energy | the energy stored by matter as a result of its location |
| chemical energy | energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules |
| endergonic reaction | nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings |
| exergonic reaction | spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of new energy |
| metabolism | is the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate)An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |
| energy coupling | in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction |
| phoshorylation | the transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule |
| energy of activation | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
| substrate | the reactant on which an enzyme work |
| active site | the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds |
| cofactors | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme |
| coenzyme | an organic molecule serving as a cofactor |
| inhibitor | a molecule that binds to enzymes and decreases their activity |
| omnivores | on organism that eats both plants, and meat |
| herbivore | an organism that only eats plants |
| carnivore | and organism only eats meat |
| ingestion | A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces |
| digestion | The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb |
| absorption | The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion |
| elimination | The passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment |
| pharynx | An area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross |
| peristalsis | Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract |
| pyloric sphincter | a muscular ring that regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine |
| trachea | windpipe |
| epiglottis | a flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx |
| esophagus | A channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach |
| gastrin* | A digestive hormone, secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice |
| acid chyme* | A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice |
| small intestine | The longest section of the alimentary canal. It is the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients |
| pancreas | A gland with dual functions: The ndocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood |
| liver | it performs diverse functions such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood |
| bile | A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats |
| villi | A fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine |
| microvilli | One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area |
| large intestine (colon) | The tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus |
| rectum | The terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated |
| feces | the waste product from the digestive track |
| appendix | A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity |
| gallbladder | An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine |
| Salivary amylase | catalyst (enzyme) breaks sugar into starches, start of digestion |
| pepsin | in stomach, digestive enzyme --> turns proteins into peptides |
| trypsin | in stomach, digestive enzyme, produced in the pancreas --> breaks down peptides |
| dipeptide | made by linking 2 or more amino acids by dehydration synthesis |
| pancreatic amylase | an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules |
| sucrase* | an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose |
| lactase* | an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers |
| bile salts | aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine |
| Kilocalorie | calories on food label; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C |
| mineral | In nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning |
| vitamin | An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts |
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